The Integrated Management Project Issue and Resolution in Nestle

Question: Depict about The Integrated Management Project for Issue and Resolution in Nestle. Answer: Presentation This report is fundamentally examined about the difficult which occurred in an organization and the goals technique for the issue. For the conversation, the organization Nestle has been taken. The organization, Nestle is the worldwide organization. Headquarter of the organization is in Switzerland. The organization is well known food organization over the world. The contention had ascended by the million populaces on the planet on the one of its item which was for newborn children. The item was a Nestls milk substitute for babies. Numerous infants kicked the bucket in the wake of utilizing this item in creating nations. The explanation of their demise was that their moms were not all that informed to utilize the item. They didn't get the fundamental equation of making that milk on account of absence of training. Individuals gave the name to the organization as child executioner which affected the brand picture of the organization. Issue Statement The issue in the Nestle was distinguished that it was the overall blacklist of one of the result of Nestle Company named Infant equation in light of the fact that the organization neglected to appropriately convey and result was that numerous kids passed on in various creating nations. The organization was charged for fouling up and dishonest work. It was likewise asserted that there were companys improper promoting which was the reason for babies demise. Organization didn't convey appropriately to the clients, particularly needy individuals and they didn't have adequate information to set up the milk along these lines, that was the explanation of death of their infants. There were some primary players who were engaged with the blacklist of the settle milk: Numerous colleges, universities and schools had prohibited on the offer of the settle items. Media was additionally one of the key player in the blacklist of the settle milk. World wellbeing association (WHO) Universal Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) and Newborn child Formula Action Coalition (INFACT) Arrangement of the issue Presently, after this issue, which was raised over and over, the Nestle has actualized a few changes in its procedure. The organization conceded that it was absence of data and that is the central explanation the infants passing. The organization has begun to utilize WHO code and practices now. Settle is currently supporting the proposals of World wellbeing association that is kept breastfeeding to the infant for a half year. Organization has given its explanation that the organization advances protected and secure nourishment to babies by empowering breastfeeding for the government assistance of the life. Organization guarantees that it is fabricating best nature of milk substitute when a safe option is expected to babies. The material of making the item has been created and the item has been tried before its promoting. Organization guarantees that it will ceaselessly concentrate on the worries of partners and overall population. Alongside this, organization has made the strategy to execute the WHO code in the item. End From the above conversation, it has been seen that the achievement of an organization doesn't rely on the business; it relies on the embracing ethics and morals in the creation. The organization Nestle has confronted a major discussion yet it has conceded this and made such strategies with the goal that it can win the trust of clients once more.

Visitor and destination management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Guest and goal the executives plan - Essay Example The Canary Islands comprise of Isla de Gran Canaria, Isla de Tenerife, Isla de la Palma, Isla de la Gomera, Isla de El Hierro, Isla de Alegranza, and Isla de Fuerteventura. The travel industry is one of the fundamental income hotspot for the isands, with Gran Canaria and Tenerife pulling in the most guests, in any case, the travel industry flourishes all through the chain (McLeod, 1999). The Canary Islands, which will concentrate on Gran Canaria of the island chain, as the subject area for this investigation of the travel industry and goal the executives in that the area is notable just as offered appropriate data that is accessible to empower an assessment of the shifted focuses to be tended to in this. In inspecting guest and goal the executives, a comprehension of the term is important to situate it inside this investigation. The Association of Destination Management Executives characterizes goal the executives as expert administration that practices in the structure and conveyance of occasions, exercises, visits, staffing and transportation, having and using broad neighborhood information, ability and assets (Lee, 1998). The World Trade Organization Business Council exhorts that the present pattern in practically all districts of the world is towards semi-open yet self-sufficient the travel industry associations including an association with both private segment and provincial and additionally neighborhood specialists (George Washington University, 2003). The previous imprints an unmistakable takeoff from the past as the jobs just as duties of the private segment and governments have experienced a noteworthy change in that the express no longer has the primary obligation regarding the turn of events and advancement of the travel industry (George Washington University, 2003). The new circumstance requires the arrangement of the two premiums because of the immense monetary consequences of the travel industry that requires collaboration and arranging between the state, nearby governments, the personal business part, just as neighborhood networks in the making of long range plans concerning foundation venture, that comprises of air terminal, transport, street, vitality conveyance, and related upgrades just as outside speculation fascination for lodgings, general and explicit enterprises (World Travel and Tourism Organization, 1999). The reality

DBQ on the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and how it collapsed.

DBQ on the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and how it crumbled. Rome confronted numerous issues, during the third century A.D. The Germanic clans attacked Rome, which appeared to sound the passing toll for the Western Empire, notwithstanding inward rot. Students of history have inspected the inward and the outside conditions that have lead to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.A principle purpose behind that fall of the Western Roman Empire was that the individuals didn't have numerous rights. The legislature had for the most part the entirety of the control in Rome. The vast majority of the ordinary residents would simply be ranchers, and couldn't be in the government.A fundamental issue was that Rome had monetary issues. Nobody in the city needed to be in the military, since they needed to be strict, and they simply needed harmony, and there weren't the same number of children to join the military. This lead to the Roman Empire employing Mercenaries. They were Germans that did battle for little pay.Europe after the fall of the Western Roman E mpire ...There were an excessive number of slaves in the city. ranchers quit their employments, due to the high charges. They quit their employments, since slaves would do it for nothing. The city couldn't get all the provisions they required with the entirety of the slaves doing the work.The loss of cash, and individuals being poor likewise lead to the fall of the Empire. At the point when the domain quit extending, they couldn't get that much cash for the realm. The legislature needed to place a ton of cash into the realm, to keep up the wellbeing of the city. Many individuals left there occupations, on account of duties. Individuals just couldn't manage the cost of it any longer. The foundation of the framework government assistance made individuals not have any desire to work. They would at present get paid regardless of whether they just sat at home throughout the day. At that point there were no employments, which lead Rome into...

Personal Statement Examples Essay 8

In this latest installment of thepersonal statement workshop, we continue to pull essays submitted from the comments section through our free essay submission processand provide you, and our users, with a more detailed analysis of their essays. This submission is by Katie, whose life experiences combined with a traumatic injury at the age of 13, are what inspired her to want to become a physician assistant. We will present you with her original essay and our suggestions. As always, use this as a guide to see where you can improve your own writing, and respect the work of others.It should go without saying this is not your essay, so dont plagiarize. Personal Statement Workshop:To say I was an accident-prone child is an understatement. By: Katie To say I was an accident-prone child is an understatement. I frequented doctors offices and emergency rooms for a variety of injuries and ailments. I remember staying home sick from elementary school, curling up on the sofa to watch marathons of Medical Mysteries and Trauma: Life in the ER. My squeamish parents were somewhat disgusted by my gruesome choice of entertainment and were puzzled by my infatuation with medicine. Even so, my interest and enthusiasm for medical care persisted. In 2006, after I was involved in a serious golf cart accident, I knew for certain that I would pursue a career in healthcare. I suffered extensive injuries after being ejected from the vehicle, run over, and dragged along the pavement. I remember the rushed atmosphere and commotion of the emergency room as I lay there feeling shocked by the gravity of the situation. Then, Michelle walked in, a smiling brunette clad in a crisp white coat. I assumed she was a physician as she explained the imaging procedures and tests I would soon undergo. She addressed me not as a nave thirteen-year-old but simply as a concerned patient. She answered all my questions and stayed engaged in our conversation even as she performed an intra-articular injection to determine if my knee joint had been compromised. I was in awe at the combination of her technical proficiency and calm disposition. Not until years later, after attending a physician assistant symposium in college, did I realize Michelle was a phy sician assistant. After my accident, my passion for medicine persisted. In high school, I enrolled in Honors Anatomy and Physiology and was fascinated by the field trips to watch an open-heart surgery and visit a cadaver lab. My teachers noted my enthusiasm for the subject and nominated me to attend a medical leadership conference at Georgetown University. When selecting a college major, I chose Nutritional Sciences because of the strong focus on biological science; it also provided a unique perspective on clinical work and emphasized the critical thinking skills necessary in practice. I worked assiduously because I knew exemplary academics were necessary when applying to graduate programs. However, despite struggling with a personal crisis during my sophomore year, I was determined not to let one semester mar the academic record I had worked so hard to achieve. I made significant changes in my life and learned how to maximize my academic potential while managing stress in a healthy way. This experien ce was a critical point of self-exploration, and I am confident it was an important step in preparing me for the rigors of PA school. Once I was comfortable managing the challenges of a science-heavy course load, I began to focus on gaining more experience working in healthcare. Although my interest to learn the intricacies of medicine was undeniable, I was still unsure about which career would be the best fit for me. I spoke with doctors, nurses, and PAs to determine the differences between these types of practitioners. While trying to make a decision, I repeatedly thought of Michelle, my earliest inspiration. I saw clearly that compared to other healthcare professionals, PAs have a unique opportunity to build a rapport with their patients by getting to know them on a personal level, which is what I value most. However, it was not until I became a certified nursing assistant at an assisted living facility that I truly understood how much I valued being a part of someones healing process. Initially, I saw the job as an opportunity to work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals, but I realized quickly the magnitude of this experience was much greater than I anticipated. It is remarkable to watch the aging process unfold and see the devastating progression of diseases. It is my responsibility to not only provide care to the residents, but also to be vigilant about changes in their condition, to be compassionate about the struggles they endure in light of their impending mortality, and to listen to them when nobody else will. These moments make me realize what an honor it is to be a healthcare provider. Although my academic journey has always been aimed towards a career in medicine, my unique life experiences are what inspired me to become a physician assistant. The PA profession encompasses my passion for scientific knowledge and my desire to build relationships with patients. Pursuing such a fulfilling and exciting career leaves me with a profound sense of purpose and the definitive notion I will be a successful physician assistant. Suggestions and Revisions By: Sue Edmondson Note: These are very brief suggestions and revisions offered through our free submissions process in the comments section. For a full-featured edit of your personal statement, please seeour paid service offerings. Hi Katie, I like the image of you as a kid watching medical shows on TV, but for purposes of this essay, youre taking up valuable space that could be used to talk about your healthcare experiences in more detail. When I interviewed Admissions Directors and faculty from across the country, every person said they werent interested in hearing childhood experiences. Id delete the entire first paragraph of your essay. Your second paragraph is good (skip the brunette in your description of Michelle its a wasted word). The third paragraph needs editing it reads well, but it has extra verbiage that has little significance. Remember, the people reading your essay are literally reading more than a thousand so save words where you can. And the word passion is so overused, its meaningless. I rarely recommend using it. This is what Id do in an edit: My interest in medicine persisted. When selecting a college major, I chose Nutritional Sciences because of the strong focus on biological science; it also provided a unique perspective on clinical work and emphasized the critical thinking skills necessary in practice. Despite struggling with a personal crisis during my sophomore year, I was determined not to let one semester mar the academic record I had worked so hard to achieve. I made significant changes and learned how to manage stress in a healthy way. This experience was a critical point of self-exploration, and I am confident it was an important step in preparing me for the rigors of PA school. Use the extra space to elaborate a bit more on why youre choosing to be a PA as opposed to any other health care professional. Best of luck. Sue Edmondson - editor - the physician assistant personal statement collaborative. Is your mom or dad really giving you honest feedback on your personal statement? Parents are full of great advice, but when it comes to your personal statement family and friendsdon't always make the best editorial team. We offer a bit of free guidance to anyone who takes the time to submit their essay in the comments sectionof the blog.But your essay needs more than the sympathetic feedback provided by a friendly relative. Our Essay Review Service Includes: Personal guidance from our team of professional (unbiased) writers, with inside knowledge of the PA school personal statement. (We have personally interviewed 12 of the top PA school admissions directors from across the country.) Telephone consultations are included with all purchases above the single edit level.It's often hard to communicateexactly what you want hundreds of miles away;for this reason, we offer the option toedit right alongside us over the telephone while sharing in real-time over Google Docs. We provide feedback, advice and help with brainstorming and topic creation. We will help witha"final touch up" before the big day just in case your essay needs a bit of polish. Interested?Click here to learn more. Here is what one of our recent clients had to say: Awesome service. Duke did a great job editing my personal statement - his feedback was top notch. For the 2014-2015 cycle, I applied to one school. I was selected for an interview and yesterday I received an offer of admission ... which I quickly accepted. I know my Personal Statement played a huge role in my success. I highly recommend this service.Nikki R. PA-S We are currently accepting essays in all iterations. We have flexible pricing and can do everything from a single one-time edit to a full-service review that will take you from beginning to a finished product. Hurry, as we can only accept a few essays each month. Click here to post your essay or learn more about our service. Have you enjoyed what you read? I hope you have been enjoying this personal statement workshop. Before you go, make sure to sign up forautomatic updatesfrom the blog orsubscribe with Feedly(my favorite RSS reader). And if you haven't already, sign up for the FREE email newsletter (down below) or connect with me on Facebook or Twitter. Ill definitely respond, and I look forward to meeting you! Cheers, Stephen View all posts in this seriesHow to Write the Perfect Physician Assistant School Application EssayThe Physician Assistant Essay and Personal Statement CollaborativeDo You Recognize These 7 Common Mistakes in Your Personal Statement?7 Essays in 7 Days: PA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 1, A PA Changed My LifePA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 2, I Want to Move Towards the Forefront of Patient CarePA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 3, She Smiled, Said Gracias! and Gave me a Big HugPA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 4, I Have Gained so Much Experience by Working With PatientsPA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 5, Then Reach, my Son, and Lift Your People up With YouPA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 6, That First Day in Surgery was the First Day of the Rest of my LifePA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 7, I Want to Take People From Dying to Living, I Want to Get Them Down From the Cliff.Physician Assistant Personal Statement Workshop: To say I was an accident-prone ch ild is an understatement9 Simple Steps to Avoid Silly Spelling and Grammar Goofs in Your PA School Personel Statement5 Tips to Get you Started on Your Personal Essay (and why you should do it now)How to Write Your Physician Assistant Personal Statement The Book!How to Write Physician Assistant The PA Grammar Guide101 PA School Admissions Essays: The Book!5 Things Ive Learned Going Into My Fourth Physician Assistant Application Cycle7 Tips for Addressing Shortcomings in Your PA School Personal StatementThe #1 Mistake PRE-PAs Make on Their Personal StatementThe Ultimate PA School Personal Statement Starter KitThe Ultimate Guide to CASPA Character and Space Limits10 Questions Every PA School Personal Statement Must Answer5 PA School Essays That Got These Pre-PAs Accepted Into PA School7 Questions to Ask Yourself While Writing Your PA School Personal Statement101 PA School Applicants Answer: Whats Your Greatest Strength? You may also like -PA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 3, She Smiled, Said Gracias! and Gave me a Big Hug In this third installment of my special week-long introductory session of thepersonal statement workshop,we are pulling essays submitted from the comments section through our free essay submission processand providing you, and our []PA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 5, Then Reach, my Son, and Lift Your People up With You In this fifth installment of our special week-long personal statement workshop, we continue to pull essays submitted from the comments section through our free essay submission processand provide you, and our users, with a more []7 Essays in 7 Days: PA Personal Statement Workshop: Essay 1, A PA Changed My Life In this special week-long introductory session of thepersonal statement workshop, we are pulling essays submitted from the comments section through our free essay submission process and providing you, and our users, with a more []

Ergot Essay example - 982 Words

Ergot Ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul.) is a poisonous fungus that is hazardous to animals and humans. It appears to be a small, hard, black, elongated structure that grows on and contaminants grains, which is called scelrotium. The appearance tends to look like mold. When eaten in quantity or small amounts over a period of time it can be highly toxic. Furthermore, it is a major problem for humans in North America but even more severe for animals. Humans are susceptible to being contaminated with this poisonous fungus because ergot can grow on mushrooms, rye, wheat, and barley. These are products that humans ingest everyday. Ergot is the most notorious poison because it includes several species of ascomycete fungi with complex life cycles†¦show more content†¦The infection can occur by insects also. According to Fuller and McClintock, ergotism has caused so many occurrences in epidemic and the middle ages was known as St. Anthonys fire. In France many people died from this disease, which was caused mainly from eating bread made from rye grains contaminated with ergot (p. 20). Plant Toxin/Derivative Drug Researchers state over fifty alkaloids are within the ergot sclerotia, but mainly ergonovine (also known as ergometrine, ergobasine, ergotocine, ergotstetrine C19H23N3O2, ergotamine C33H35N5O5,ergotcryptine C32H41N5O5, ergocornine C31H39N5O5, ergocristine C35H39N5O5, ergosine C30H37N5O5, and ergovalide) is present in ergot. Most of the alkaloids contain thirty to thirty-five carbon atoms, although some have a smaller number. Therefore, these alkaloids can be classified as polypeptides. All ergot alkaloids form lysergic acid. Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, is the most powerful compound known that produces imitations of severe mental disorders. Ergot alkaloids not only have the indole structure but the other ring system and side chains as well. Symptoms Humans and animals common acute symptoms is a convulsion stimulation of CNS (central nervous system). Chronic symptoms include damage to the lining of capillaries and constriction of the smaller arterial blood vessels resulting in gangrene of the extremities (Fuller and McClintock,19). SomeShow MoreRelated Plants and Superstitions Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesDeath. (Starkey, 1949). There have been several explanations suggested for this epidemic, but the possible explanation in my reading is compulsive ergotism. Ergot is a poisonous microscopic fungus. It grows on crops, especially rye which is used to make bread, and could cause fits and hallucinations. (see Internet Source). ... Ergot alkaloids are arguably the oldest microbial bio-pharmaceutins. They may have played a role in both the Mysteries of Eleusis and the Salem witch trials (BennettRead MoreEssay on LSD1087 Words   |  5 Pages25, now known as L.S.D., in a professional laboratory. In Lees book Acid Dreams, he tells of how Hoffman stumbled upon LSD while investigating chemical and pharmacological properties of ergot. Ergot is a rye fungus rich in medicinal alkaloids (7). While Hoffman was searching for a circulatory stimulant from ergot derivatives he stumbled upon LSD during his twenty-fifth experiment. Thus, the notion of lysergic acid diethylamide-25. Since its arrival in the drug market, LSD and other hallucinogensRead MoreSummary of Napoleons Buttons Chapter 12: Molecules of Witchcraft1836 Words   |  8 Pageshappens in the last stage. This temporarily escape from reality from these molecules brought confessions from those women and they were burnt at the stake. The Ergot Alkaloids There is another group of alkaloids that devasted communities with its effects. People attributed the disasters with evil spells casted by witches. Theyre found in the ergot fungus that affects cereal grains such as rye. After bacteria and viruses, ergotism is the next-largest microbial killer, like how ergotamine causes bloodRead MoreTaking a Look Inside Hallucinogens Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagesof 23. He began work as a natural products chemist in Basel. He worked on ergot alkaloids, substances produced by the ergot fungus that infects grain. These substances occur naturally, making studying them less expensive. Ergot extracts had been used for hundreds of years by midwifes to stop excessive bleeding after childbirth. They are very potent in extremely small doses, and Hofman realized that he could build upon ergot alkaloids to create new types of drugs. Under certain chemical conditionsRead MoreThe Use Of Lsd And Its Effects On The Brain2369 Words   |  10 Pagesavailability o f LSD become scarce with the criminalization of the substance, but the legislation also put a halt on the research of the chemical as well. Much of the way LSD interacts with the brain has been left unknown. This derivative from the rye fungus Ergot has been the source of controversy that has left many people wondering why LSD has been classified as a drug that is just as dangerous to use as heroin. It becomes difficult for an individual to understand how legislation could criminalize a chemicalRead MoreClassical Psychedelics And Dissociative Drugs931 Words   |  4 Pagesthat much of a challenge, considering the location in where to look and what to offer to the table when dealing with the anonymous street pharmacists. The origin or specifically, production, of Lysergic acid diethylamide can be narrowed down to the Ergot Fungus (Claviceps purpurea), a parasite commonly located on rye and other species of grain or wild grasses (Schumann 2016).Read MoreSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye While researching texts written about the Salem Witch Trials, I found a few authors who published articles and books about the Salem Witch Trials. These authors often showed that the most likely cause of the fits coming from the victims was produced by ergot of rye. However, I could not find much discussion about another important source of the fits’ cause: witchcraft. My goal in this paper is to produce a convincing argument that the victims during the Salem WitchRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial1152 Words   |  5 Pagesthat adds up to causing convulsive hysteria and also hallucinations which were caused by Ergot Poisoning. So, here is where the role of Convulsive Hysteria and Ergotism comes in play. The ergot poisoning in Salem villagers’ every day meal of bread made with ‘rye’ leads to severe physical disorders, hallucination of witches and devils, and other serious symptoms. The symptoms of convulsive Hysteria and ergot poisoning are very much similar to the symptoms of bewitchment that the afflicted girls inRead MoreThe Witches Of Salem Witch Trials1371 Words   |  6 Pagesand hanged. Notably, ergot poisoning was a highly considered theory for the Salem trials. Farming conditions in the western part of Salem Village, Putnam farmland, were warm, damp, and swampy, the perfect environment for fungus to grow. The poison from ergot would grow in rye and cereal grains. Thus, leading the afflicted to experience symptoms, including hallucinations, convulsions, confusion, delusions, and the feeling of being bitten or pinched. Researchers identify that â€Å"Ergot poisoning affectsRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1382 Words   |  6 Pagesvery cold and it is possible that the girls acted out due to the conditions. However, of the many theories, I believe that the Ergot theory is the most believable because it is a poison that causes hallucinations, it grows on crops, and there was a very wet period before the trials, which could have sparked the abrupt illness. Hallucinations are a big side effect to the ergot epidemic and can be seen in the Salem Witch Trials. Hallucinations means, â€Å"a sensory experience of something that does not exist

Democracy in Singapore - 3495 Words

2. Is there democracy in Singapore? What is Democracy? Singapore has been recognized as a representative democratic state since August 1965. However, to examine if Singapore is in fact democratic, we need to first define the word â€Å"democracy† and its parameters. The word originated from M.Fr democratis in the 1570s, with ‘demo’ referring to common people and ‘cratie’ to rule of strength. Therefore, by definition, Singapore can be classified as a democratic country due to the fair elections which enable her people to choose their government. â€Å"Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time†, Churchill words immortalize democracy as the way to go, but there is not one†¦show more content†¦Further, the time period between each General Election in Singapore is also relatively longer than the other democratic states, such as the Unite States, where elections are held consistently every four years. The announcement of the election dates are also only released just before the election itself. This inflexibility in the political system is detrimental to the opposition parties and also place severe restrictions on the citizens in terms of their rights to decide when to have an election. Chief reasons for the PAP’s continued dominance The PAP’s ability to maintain its hegemony till date can be attributed to two main reasons, firstly, the PAP has been introducing schemes in the electorate system to suppress the opposition and secondly, the PAP’s control over the grassroots organizations have established the required link between itself and the citizens. Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) As mentioned earlier, the NMP scheme has been employed by the PAP to function as an institution to prevent potential opposition by taking the talented and qualified individual inside their ranks, thus greatly limiting the pool of talent for the opposition right from the onset. Quoting Bilver Singh,â€Å"by bringing these talents into the political system in a safe and non-threatening manner, the PAP is effectively denying the oppositional forces the possibility of recruiting these talents into their ranks.† AlthoughShow MoreRelatedHow Does the Presence of a Confucian Culture Affect the Operation of Democracy?1083 Words   |  5 PagesValues†. Asian values refers to the strong traditional cultural values such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism which co-exists in East Asian societies. The purpose of this essay is to explore Confucian culture and how it may affect the operation of democracy in East Asia. Confucianism is tradition of political and social thought named after the scholar Kongzi (Confucius 551-479 B.C), it is still widely practiced/ seen in social, legal, theological, ethical and political thought. Kongzi was born intoRead MoreIs There a Relationship between Democracy and GDP Essays1030 Words   |  5 Pagesor countries from each of the eight regions. The first two that I have identified are from Latin America. Brazil seems to have the highest GDP economic rank at $2.422 trillion; however their per capita is only $12, 100. The state of Brazil is a democracy and I do think that has some effect on their economic rank because the state equally allows its people to make their own decisions based on social, cultural and ethical values. Perhaps Brazil’s per capita is so low because in 2008 Brazil encounteredRead MoreA Report On Lee Kwan Yew Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages( Helmrich, 2015, p.n.g). Lee Kwan Yew is the Leader of Singapore, informally known by his initia ls LKY, was the first Prime Minister of Singapore, ruling for more than three decade from 1959 to 1990. He was the leader to bring independence to the Singapore from Malaysia in 1965; it was 9th August 1965, morning at 10 a.m., 90 words that changed the life of the people of Singapore and Malaysia, (Yap, n.d.). The voice was from the Singapore Prime Minister LKY. ‘‘Whereas it is the inalienable rightRead MoreSingapore s Upcoming 2020 General Elections Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagescondition for democracy to occur is to have free and fair elections as it depicts popular choice and control over government. The People’s Action Party (PAP) has dominated the political playing field since 1965 and this resulted in Singapore being known as a model of ‘soft authoritarianism’ with limited democracy (Yeo. L.H, 2010). Although Singapore has seen an increase in the number of opposition parties, these parties appear to be ineffective to compete against the PAP. Singapore employs a uniqueRead More The Future of Freedom1081 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In his book, The Future of Freedom, Fareed Zakaria writes that we must make democracy safe for the world. The American democracy sets the standard around the world for liberal democracies, but transitions across for other countries across the world toward a liberal democracy is often difficult and with poor decision making, close to impossible. Liberal democracies are the systems in which people choose their government and live in an environment of freedom. In Zakaria’sRead MoreControversial Issues in Social Studies Curriculum Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Studies classrooms in US and delved further to discuss its implications on teachers and students. This review aims to summarize the main research findings and contextualise its implication on the teaching and learning of Social Studies in Singapore. According to studies carried out in US schools, research findings showed that CI discussions were actively carried out in Social Studies classrooms where students claimed to have discussed about their differing opinions on political and social issuesRead MoreThe Future of Freedom1075 Words   |  5 PagesHistory The Future of Freedom In his book, The Future of Freedom, Fareed Zakaria writes that we must make democracy safe for the world. The American democracy sets the standard around the world for liberal democracies, but transitions across for other countries across the world toward a liberal democracy is often difficult and with poor decision making, close to impossible. Liberal democracies are the systems in which people choose their government and live in an environment of freedom. In ZakariasRead MoreIs Democracy The Besy For Of Government?1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"IS DEMOCRACY THE BESY FOR OF GOVERNMENT?† What is democratic government? Democratic form of government is a sort in which all the societies of a state, have the equal power to elect their leader i.e. to select members by determining and voting through free and fair elections. Also the people have a say in any verdict. Principally ‘government of the people, by the people, for the people.’ The most key elements of democracy primarily are free and fair election and public liberty of opinion manifestationRead MoreThe Asian Value Debate686 Words   |  3 PagesThe â€Å"Asian Value† debate came to prominence when it was strongly advocated by the Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and also Mahathir Mohamad. Asian Values predicated on the idea that Asian countries have a unique set of institutions and political ideologies that reflect the regions cultures and histories. Although Asia consists of diverse ethnicity and cultures who practice various religions, the core basis of most Asian cultures are similar such as the importance of collectivism and consensusRead MoreEssay on Singapores Separation from Malaysia607 Words   |  3 PagesSeparation was a political separation arising from the incompatibility of the political views of the Alliance-controlled central government and the state government of Singapore, the PAP. Political conflicts (Ref 1) Differences arose in regard to national goals #61607; The PAP advocated social revolution. Merger of Singapore and Malaysia would bring about economic progress as well as political stability, economic modernization, and even social modernization, #61607; The Alliance

Julius Caesar Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Julius Caesar: Shakespeare Essay After the murder of Julius Caesar both Brutus and Antony made a speech to the citizens of Rome. Brutus was one of the conspirators who murdered Caesar, he was also a good friend of his but he murdered him on the behalf of Rome, he makes a speech to explain to the citizens why he did it. Antony was a loyal friend of Caesars and he makes a speech after Antony to commemorate Caesar. Brutus allowed Antony to do this so that he would not seem to be harsh and ruthless. Brutus was an idealist who wanted everything to be truthful and right. It was a big mistake letting Antony speak last and leaving him to speak, because his speech had a big effect on the fickle crowd. If Brutus had spoken last, then maybe the crowd would have turned in his favour as they had done after he made his speech at the beginning. Brutus speech is a blank verse; it is flat and responsible sounding. It is not poetical and does not use many sentences that are hard to understand, because he is speaking to the common people. He speaks to the people from the pulpit so he is distant from them and higher than they are. He is and intellectual and I think he finds it hard to relate to the common people. He is physically constipated; he uses nothing to grasp the crowds attention like Antony. He doesnt even use any gestures to show his emotions. There is a lack of passion and stagecraft in his speech, which makes it less powerful. Antony remarkably upstaged him. Brutus begins his speech Romans, countrymen and lovers, this is important, because he is addressing the people who love their country and are proud to be Romans. This means that his reason for murdering Caesar will be understood, because they would all do the same for their country. Believe me for mine honour, and have respect for mine honour that you may believe. He is saying in this sentence that he is an honourable man and they should believe what he says because of it. He asks them to respect him first so that they might look at the situation from a different point of view. If they dislike him then they might not believe what he is saying, but if he commands their respect first then they will look at it from his angle. If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesars, to him I say that Brutus love to Caesar was no less than his. He is stating the fact to the crowd that he did love Caesar as a dear friend. He uses the word love which is emotive and can be very powerful if used in the right context as it is here. He says that he loved Caesar so his reason for killing him must be very good. Not that I loved  Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Here he states his reason to the awaiting crowd. Again he uses the word love to involve emotions in the reason for killing Caesar. His reason is patriotism at its peak. He loved Rome so much that he would kill one of his dear friends to save it. I think this statement would have commanded great respect from the crowd, because they are all proud Romans. In the film of Julius Caesar there was a big uproar from the crowd at this point to show their respect for him. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all freemen? This rhetorical question makes the crowd realise that Caesar was a tyrant and that he would have lead a dictatorship if he had not been killed. Of course no one would like to be slaves so it seems absurd not to have killed Caesar sooner. The crowd is very fickle and will believe anything that Brutus says. He uses the words die and live to show that if Caesar lives they die, and if Caesar dies they live. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but, as he was ambitious I slew him. He uses emotive language again to show his love for Caesar and his sadness for his death. He praises Caesar for his fortune and bravery to prove again that he respected and loved him, and again gives the reason for his murder. Romeo's Character Analysis EssayYou all did love him once, not without cause; what cause withholds you then to mourn for him? At the beginning of the play, two tribunes ask the plebeians on the street why they have forgotten Pompey and why the dont mourn for his death. This part of Antonys speech reminds me of that. The crowd is so fickle that it forgets the great leader as soon as he is dead and move on to the next icon. Then Antony breaks off from his speech to supposedly weep; My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause till it come back to me. He then listens to the crowd to make sure it is safe to say something against Brutus or Cassius. This open show of emotion makes the crowd sympathetic of Antony; Poor soul, his eyes are red as fire with weeping. Then Mark Antony brings out the will, which is a very clever tactic which appeals to the greed of the Romans; But heres a parchment with the seal of Caesar, I found it in his closet, tis his will which, pardon me, I do not mean to read. He teases the crowd with this will, which he says will be full of riches for them. Its like holding a bone before a dog just out of its reach. This is a very clever tactic to keep the crowd hanging off of his every word; Being men, hearing the will of Caesar, it will inflame you, it will make you mad The crowd grow impatient and start to shout out for Antony to read the will; The will, the will, we will hear Caesars will! Antony cleverly uses the will to make the crowd say out loud bad things about Brutus and the conspirators. He uses their greed to fan the fires of hatred; I fear I wrong the honourable men whose daggers have stabbd Caesar, I do fear it. This turns the crowd around dramatically; They were traitors. Honourable men! At this point Antony comes down from the pulpit to the level of the common people. He comes face to face with them instead of keeping his distance like Brutus. He asks them to form a circle around Caesar so he can show you him who made the will. That day he overcame the Nervii. Holding Caesars cloak he casually reminds the crowd of Caesars great accomplishments. Look, in this place ran Cassius dagger through; see what a rent the envious  casca made; through this the well-beloved Brutus stabbd. Antony shows the crowd the holes that were made in the cloak from the daggers when he doesnt actually know who stabbed where. This is just a tactic to show the crowd something that will shock them. Then burst his mighty heart. Antony speaks of how Caesars heart burst when Brutus stabbed him. He makes it sound like Caesar died of grief from his best friend betraying him rather than by any physical means. This keeps up Caesars God like image. O, what a fall was there, my countrymen. Antony makes it sound like when Caesar fell, so did the whole of Rome, because Caesar was the one holding it together with his superior strength. I come not friends to steal away your hearts. Here Antony is being disingenuous, because he has already stolen away their hearts. He is trying to decieve them into thinking that he is not a clever man and that he is just like one of them; a plain blunt man. For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech to stir mend blood. Why, friends, you go to do you know not what. Wherein hath Caesar thus deservd your loves? Alas, you know not! I must tell you then: You have forgot the will I told you of. The crowd is fickle and avaricious. They are easily changed and have a short attention and memory span. They had forgot Caesars will and were prepared to run riot already. Antony tells them what Caesar has left them. It is very democratic for he has left them money and his gardens. The crowd then riot for the loss of Caesar.

Looking At Out Expectations Of Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Example

Looking At Out Expectations Of Social Work Social Work Essay Essay I am traveling to briefly discourse the significances of hazard. Whilst I am cognizant that there are many theories of hazard, I have identified three chief subjects and will be researching these in relation to modern-day societal work, the subjects of governmentality, cultural theory and hazard society. Present twenty-four hours societal work is concerned with affairs of exposure and hazard ( Kemshall et al, 1997 ) , ( Dalrymple and Burke, 2006 ) , ( Parton, 1996 ) , ( Titterton, 2005 ) , ( Hothersall and Mass-Lowit, 2010 ) . Media coverage of serious instance reviews sing the deceases of kids have led to an onslaught of unfavorable judgment into societal work pattern. In looking for definitions to specify hazard, I found several significances. Traditionally hazard was defined neutrally as a chance or likelihood a behavior or event will happen ( Lishman, 2002: 154 ) , ( Munro, 2002:64 ) , for illustration the possibility of a addition every bit good as a loss. Kemshall ( 2002 ) discusses the utilizations of hazard to insurance and a mathematical chance attack to hazard. In postmodern society, hazard is now attributed to the footings of danger or jeopardy ( Lupton, 1999 a: 12 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Out Expectations Of Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Out Expectations Of Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Out Expectations Of Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The construct of Governmentality was developed by the Gallic philosopher Michel Foucault in the ulterior old ages of his life between the late 1970 s and his decease in 1984. His construct provides an apprehension of power, non merely in footings of the power of the province from a top-down attack, but in the more elusive signifiers of power exercised through a web of establishments, patterns, processs and techniques which act to modulate societal behavior ( Joseph 2010:225 ) . Power is noticeable in a positive manner through the production of cognition and discourses that are internalised by persons, steering the behavior of populations and taking to more efficient signifiers of societal control. Parton ( 1994 ) cited in Pease ( 2002 ) writes how persons permit authorities at a distance through being encouraged and supported to exert freedom and pick. Because power is de-centred persons play a function in their ain self-governance. Criticisms of Foucault argue that he fails to recognize that power is non equal to all. It can besides be argued that he lacks mention to the exercising of power in relation to race, age, gender and category, particularly how accessible power is between different societal groups. Cooper ( 1994: 450 ) argues about the character of the engineerings of power sing racialist and gendered discourses being used. It was argued that Foucault was non attentive to how people respond to discourses in their day-to-day lives ( Lupton: 1999 B: 102 ) . Critics besides believed that Foucault lacked consciousness in the power establishments had over persons and that persons behaviour in society was down to following regulations of conventions ( Hoy: 1986:151 ) . Feminist critics such as Hartstock ( 1990:171-172 ) believe Foucault s apprehension of power diminishes persons to objects of power than persons able to defy. Foucault s work on specifying the dealingss and mechanisms of power like governmentality can back up societal workers to believe about their place of power within the constructions ( that maintain the subjugation of service users ) in their work. Empowerment uses societal scientific discipline to work out societal jobs and is a societal justness discourse in societal work. It allows societal workers to redistribute power and cognition in their pattern, whilst challenging and battling unfairness and subjugation. Empowerment develops capacities of persons, whilst underscoring single duty. Pease ( 2002:137 ) argues that there is an premise that power is something that can be given and authorising person is to confabulate. Therefore as Braye and Preston-Shoot ( 2003:100 ) discuss, authorization is about laden people taking the power and demanding to be heard . Because cognition is cardinal to understanding power within society, in order to authorise service users there must be a reallo cation of cognition, an rebellion of subjugated cognition as indicated by Foucault ( 1977 ) . Listening to service users and leting them to hold more control over seeking solutions to their jobs or placing their demands within the wider societal context, is another illustration of authorization. We belong to many societal groups, some by pick and some because they are forced upon us. Within these groups, some have more or less power over others. Social workers need to be cognizant of difference and diverseness and develop a greater sense of ego consciousness about the hazards of labelling, pigeonholing and keeping subjective beliefs. The term Risk Society describes a society that is exposed to harm as a consequence of human activity. German sociologist Ulrich Beck ( 1992 ) foremost used the term, although British sociologist Anthony Giddens has besides written on the same capable affair. Both writers argue worlds have ever been subjected to put on the line, e.g. natural catastrophes but these are seen as being caused by non-human forces. Modern society is now exposed to hazards such as terrorist act, chemical pollution and atomic power. Giddens ( 1999 ) defines these as external and manufactured hazards , external being hazards originating from nature ( e.g. implosion therapy ) and manufactured hazards being the consequence of human activity, e.g. developments in scientific discipline and engineering. As worlds are responsible for manufactured hazards, both Beck and Giddens argue that societies can measure the degree of hazard being produced in a automatic manner that can change the planned activity itself. Peoples are now more wary of what professionals tell us, which is different to the position of the older coevals. We are more critical of professionals and more likely to oppugn them They believe there is an addition in reflexiveness ( the thought that society c an accommodate to new hazards ) as a response to hazard and uncertainness in postmodern society, but Beck ( 1992:21 ) relates this to more hazards and jeopardies being produced, where Giddens ( 1999:3 ) believes in human subjectiveness being more sensitive to put on the line. Criticisms of hazard society inquiry the degree of hazard in postmodern society. Turner ( 1994: 180 ) inquiries whether life has become more hazardous in the present twenty-four hours, than how it affected persons in the yesteryear. Ungar, cited in Goode and Ben-Yehuda ( 2009: 82 ) argues that the menaces of today infuse fright every bit good as, non alternatively of the past frights. Culture, race and gender do non have in both Beck and Giddens Hagiographas and it could be argued that it would be hard for an person to be automatic sing struggles of this nature. Joffe ( 1999 ) argues that there had been a failure to recognize emotion in regard to how people cope with life in a hazard society. Delanty ( 1999:171 ) draws from the unfavorable judgments by Lash, reasoning that Beck and Giddens do non recognize the cultural dimension of reflexiveness, due to ignoring corporate bureau such as the community in favor of individuality. Social work has changed from a concern with demand to one of hazard ( Kemshall, 2002 ) . The media perceptual experience of societal workers neglecting in their responsibility to forestall the deceases of kids or protect the populace from persons known to be mentally sick, has led to more bureaucratic solutions, through statute law, processs and guidelines ( Ferguson, 2004 ) . Blame is allocated due to the accent in hazard ( Douglas, 1992 ) . The ordinance of hazard replaces need as a focal point and concluding for societal work intercession. Lishman ( 2007: 164 ) writes how working with hazard will ever stay a hazardous concern, but with the aid of sound methods and defendable decision-making it can be good managed . Titterton ( 2005:50 ) argues there is no such thing as a hazard free option: all options hold possible hazards . Lishman explains further that in the clime of the blasted civilization, hazard appraisals need to be of a criterion that contain defendable determinations that can keep up in instances where there has been a hazard failure ( 2007:157 ) . There is the danger that in utilizing hazard appraisals to look into handiness for a service, there is the possible for the societal worker to be distanced from the service user. Involving the service user to make their ain hazard appraisals and explicate what they believe are the hazards is a signifier of authorization, which places them at the Centre of the procedure. Clutton et Al ( 2006: 18 ) links the engagement of the service user to empowerment, Risk appraisal may be authorising if it allows the service user to take an informed determination on future action . Social workers have to be able to asses the predicted results of a possible hazard to a service user but this is non ever easy. Differing readings of a state of affairs due to the cultural and societal background of people and groups can do understanding hazard and hazard direction hard in determination devising ( Reed et Al, 2004:149 ) . Service users have started to do picks in how they interact with societal services e.g. self-referral. In order to do programs about their lives, societal workers need to interact with households in new ways that recognise their disadvantage and subjugation in society. It could be asked if service users truly have pick or do they have options within pick? Harris and White ( 2009:100 ) see pick to be a cardinal component of the authorities s modernization docket and are established in services such as direct payments and pick of infirmary. Labeling of service users in appraisals as disturbed , at hazard , in demand , describes behavior from a value position ( Dalrymple and Burke, 2006 ) . Slovic ( 1999 ) writes how risk appraisals are coloured by subjective opinions of the societal worker at every phase of the appraisal procedure. Hall et Al ( 2006:23 ) argues nevertheless that classification of service users in studies, meetings and in the tribunal is an outlook of societal workers as a practical and professional responsibility to supply appraisals and supply a class of action or services. The impression of Culture Theory developed by Mary Douglas ( 1966, 1798 ) and Douglas and Wildavsky ( 1982 ) has been influential in looking at positions on hazard. Cultural theory purposes to explicate how personality and cultural traits influence hazard perceptual experiences and why different people and societal groups fear different hazards. Douglas argues the relation of hazard to political relations and its nexus to answerability duty and incrimination ( Lupton, 1999:39 ) . Douglas and Wildavsky ( 1982 ) introduced the grid/group construct to explicate how cultural proportions can compare society. It defines how people can be divided into four types that predict how they react to different types of hazards- Individualist, Egalitarian, Hierarchists and Fatalist. Thompson et Al ( 1990:5 ) explain group as mentioning to how much the person is integrated into enclosed units and grid to how much a individual s life is restricted as a cause of exterior compulsory instructions. Douglas s theory is non without unfavorable judgment. Lupton ( 1999:7 ) inquiries the media s contributory function to the hazard cognition of their audience. It can be argued that you can non anticipate how anyone will act in response to a peculiar circumstance and that cultural theory is opaque, non taking into history the complexnesss of modern society ( Rayner, 1992, Boholm, 1996 ) . Tansey and O Riordan ( 1999 ) argue the theory is deterministic and takes no history of the free will of persons. Ostrander ( 1992 ) makes a outstanding statement, proposing that cultural theory should use to societal environments in order to separate societal systems as a whole. It could besides be argued that as Douglas does non explicate how risk perceptual experiences sing to persons and administrations change over clip, her theory could be seen as inactive ( Bellaby ( 1990 ) . Gross and Rayner ( 1985:18 ) argue that Douglas fails to explicate, what economic incentives or wants dispose indivi duals to alter their societal place . Accountability means being answerable to others for the quality and efficiency of one s attempts. Social workers are accountable to service users, the community, their section and their supervisors. They must be able to explicate what it is they do, how it is done and that their work meets professional criterions for competency. Mishra ( 1984 ) , cited in Wilson et Al, ( 2008:39 ) writes how there is a decrease in professional liberty and control due to answerability and structural demands being placed on bureaus. Social workers, through fright of misestimating a state of affairs can set about cautious and defensive pattern which falls short of sing the deductions, hazards and benefits to the service user of the determinations made and measures taken. Bamford ( 1990 ) writes how societal workers must develop a system of answerability which does non lose sight of the demands of the clients and their support systems . O Hanlon, cited in Parton and O Byrne ( 2000: 88 ) , separates blame from answerability in that answerability features duty, is authorising and promotes self bureau. Incrimination does non ask for co-operation, is estranging and stopping points down possibilities. An illustration of the links between hazard and incrimination is the instance of babe Peter, who was killed by his female parent s spouse and was the topic of a multiple sum of media attending, proportioning incrimination on the societal workers in his attention. The description of injury and danger portrayed by the media, the authorities and organizational responses to ailments and legal action, ensuing in a blasted civilization is a effect of hazard antipathy employed by some societal workers ( Furedi, 2002 ) . This could go forth societal workers experiencing the demand to protect themselves and hesitant, taking to go throughing the incrimination onto other people. Webb, ( 2006:70 ) links blasted civilization to put on the line turning away being the chief precedence, ensuing in tighter steps of answerability and transparence being involved. Kemshall ( 2002: 94 ) suggests blame serves to beef up answerability, but besides subtly to command information flow and use and to reenforce trueness and solidarity with peculiar point of views on hazard . Duty of the societal worker is linked to answerability. These are sustained in codifications of pattern, the jurisprudence and day-to-day verbal exchanges. Hall et Al ( 2006: 16 ) depict how professionals are aware of their interactions, should their address causes their behavior to be accountable. Parton and OByrne ( 2000: 183 ) discourse the moralss of duty in which service users are able to speak freely about themselves, their state of affairs and the best manner to work out their jobs. Social workers are back uping service users to take duty for their ain actions, which replaces constructs of cause and finding Howe ( 1986 ) , cited in Parton ( 1996:88 ) . The duty of the societal worker is to the wellbeing of service users, but there are times when they work in state of affairss that are conflicting. Dominelli ( 2009:11 ) offers one account of this in a care-control quandary , when there is a demand to equilibrate the finding of the service user with injury. The societal work ers duty to the wider society and attachment to the jurisprudence mean that at times the wellbeing of the service users may non take precedence. In decision we have considered the impact of hazard in the field of societal work. In making so we have identified three chief theories, that of Govermentality, Risk Society and Culture Theory. We have analysed the impact of societal work on these theories. Govermentality Theory helps us to understand power and the production of cognition that enables persons to regulate themselves. Empowerment, as discussed antecedently enables service users to derive control over determinations that affect their lives. Risk Society Theory helps us to understand how communities are organised in its response to hazard. This has been discussed in relation to societal work in the media and the bureaucratic defensive patterns that have developed as a consequence of extended coverage of high profile service weaknesss. Culture Theory seeks to explicate how the societal context in which we operate affects our responses to put on the line. As considered earlier, answerability is a agency for societal worker s to explicate their actions and the logical thinking behind them, blasted civilization leads to societal workers experiencing discerning and self-preserving of their function. The societal worker besides has duty to the service users, but besides to the wider society. Word count 2563

ADD

ADD Attention Deficit Disorder is not a life threatening disorder. It does not put people in hospitals, it does not cause children to have limbs amputated, but it does make learning in a standard environment difficult. Children with Attention Deficit Disorder were once considered "rowdy"  and "rambunctious" , but now it is known that Attention Deficit Disorder is a disease. Children are born with it, and it can make the school environment especially difficult, for the child and for the adult that has to interact with the child. Attention Deficit Disorder is usually detected in early to childhood and fades away during or right after adolescence, but some adults live their entire life with Attention Deficit Disorder-like symptoms.In this paper I will discuss the symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, organizations dedicated to Attention Deficit Disorder, the Americans with Disabilities Act, statistics, different theories on possible causes for Attention Deficit Disorder, some famous people that have Attention Deficit Disorder and a brief editorial written by a student with Attention Deficit Disorder: myself.English: AdderallSYMPTOMS Attention Deficit Disorder manifests itself in many different behavioral forms, such as but not limited to:  · FAILURE TO PAY ATTENTION TO DETAIL IN WORK, PRIMARILY SCHOOL WORK BUT ALSO AT THE WORK PLACE. · LACK OF LISTENING SKILLS. EASILY DISTRACTED WHEN SPOKEN TO DIRECTLY. · POOR ORGANIZATION SKILLS, DIFFICULTIES PLANNING AND SORTING OUT A SCHEDULE. · MISPLACING OF TOOLS OR OTHER THINGS NEEDED TO COMPLETE A TASK, SUCH AS PENCILS, PAPER, OR BOOKS. · FORGETFUL IN EVERY DAY ACTIVITES.DIAGNOSIS Attention Deficit Disorder is diagnosed by a psychiatrist and is always a matter of opinion. Some doctors may think that the child is wild or just likes to misbehave, while other doctors may believe that the child has Attention Deficit Disorder, and needs medication.

Network analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Network analysis - Essay Example Having many connections would mean an opportunity from a businessman’s point of view. While it is true that a network could exactly do this, its general meaning does not literally mean that one must confine its application in the business context alone. A network is everywhere and since the earliest time of the human existence it already existed for as long as the presence of communication, interaction and the ability of social beings to relate with each other in myriad ways were remarkably present. Today, everyone has personal connection, but the good point with a network is the opportunity that one’s network could also be part of somebody else’s. No one could contest that if one would based it on the observation, this is the product of the ability of each individual to relate to everyone in a specific way using technological innovation. There are many ways on how to allow a person to relate with the other. In fact, today there is a maximum effort that people in itiated. Technology has played a crucial role in ensuring successful network. Apple Incorporated is just one of the companies trying to innovate possibilities on how to explore the ultimate potential and concepts behind a network. The presence of mobile gadgets, created to enhance communication is in reality tries to augment the full potential of the management context. In other words, a network in great detail has substantial application in creating social connection in the digital age and in the networked society (Papacharissi, 2011; Van Dijk, 2005). Network therefore nowadays is strongly powered by the existence of advanced technology and new technological innovations in the future. It would be easy to keep in touch with someone and to keep information flows around in a fast pace. In the presence of these advantages, companies, organizations and individuals learn to appreciate the fact that in the management context there must have many things that need to be considered when a ne twork has to be taken into account. A network is therefore a complex concept because technology which is constantly innovating tries to influence it in many ways. This means that a network changes dynamically as technology itself modifies its forms in a vigorous way. Network therefore is about connection, in which today’s advanced society could also mean as the use of technology in connecting people and allowing almost everyone around the globe to keep in touch dynamically in the most possible and even convenient way in the age of globalisation and digital revolution (Grewal, 2008). This is a stong image depicted by a society that has burly dependence on the emergence of technology and other related technological innovation that is particularly linked up with information. The emergence of social networking media is a fundamental example how network is integrating social and technological concerns. With the aid of technological advancement, it is now easy to connect everyone a nd be part of the whole network that allows each member to freely communicate, interact and exchange remarkable information. In other words, the emergence of major social networking platforms for instance is just a remarkable indication how people place the modern network into high level of exploitation. Many people have seen the power of the

Construction planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Construction planning - Essay Example The SHE provisions or specifications outlined for the project seek to reduce or eliminate and mitigate incidents, injuries and environmental harm at the construction site. The project relies on expertise in environmental management, system design and innovation in evaluating and reducing the environmental impacts of all its phases; initiation, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and operationalisation. The envisaged solutions are suggested to increase the project’s market stability and guarantee sustainable benefits. The compliance of each stage of the project life cycle, starting with planning, will adhere to the set SHE standards. The on-site and off-site planning of project deliverables will have to be aligned with specific regulatory standards and requests. The standards cover dangerous substances traceability, recyclability of materials, supply-chain assessment, and obsolescence and substitution management. The planning must also consider environmental concerns and engage in long-term sustainable strategies, based on life cycle thinking (LCT). Through this approach, the planners will adopt a broader view of the project’s successful implementation, opportunities, viability and sustainability. The objectives set at the planning phase and the strategies and resources by which they will be achieved will also consider and address the SHE standards. The project will seek expert assistance in the implementation of the project and use astute management strategies to achieve sustainability, performance and reduce project risks. At the implementation phase, a checklist and design specification will be outlined and communication with all stakeholders managed properly. In addition, sustainable supply processes and implementation activities will be used. Equally important at this phase will be the integration of multisite and transnational

Poetry Essay Example for Free

Poetry Essay Poetry is a form of literary art and uses particular forms and conventions to suggest alternative meaning in the words and to evoke some emotional responses. There are sound patterns in poetry which create further meaning, such as assonance, alliteration and onomatopoeia. These sound effects have a particular function in a poem. Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey emotions. [1] Poetry is distinguished from prose because are used some techniques such as rhyme, meter and repetition. The same sounds can convey different meanings and it depends on the context of a poem. Sound patterns can be also discovered in some advertising slogans. In advertisement we have the freedom to change the natural order of the language. It depends on the product and the target group of consumers. The advertising text has to capture the reader’s or listener’s attention. Therefore the natural order of the language is modified, shaped and stylized. One of the most frequently used devices in slogans, catchphrases and article titles is alliteration: Don’t Live a Little, Live a Lotto! 2] The advertising slogans are the most effective means of drawing attention to one or more aspects of the product. In this text we can spot an example of foregrounding. ‘Deviation, which is a linguistic phenomenon, has an important psychological effect on readers (and hearers). If a part of a poem is deviant, it becomes especially noticeable, or perceptually prominent. We call this psychological effect foregrounding’. [3] Most of the writers use the sound of words in such a way that the readers’ attention is immediately engaged. The most common mean which is involved by the writers is repetition. Our attention is captivated and we start analysing the reasons why the writers use it. We can recognise play of sounds : little/lotto. There is also alliteration- the repetition of ‘l’ and ‘t’ sounds. Alliteration refers to tbe repetition of the same or similar consonants. /t/ is a voiceless, alveolar, plosive sound. It is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords, by obstructing the airflow in the vocal tract. /l/ is a voiced, bilateral, retroflex and approximant sound. The vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation and the airstream flows over the both sides of the tongue. When poets construct a poem they carefully choose words for their meanings, connotation and sounds. According to Paul Simpson ‘we make connections between, on the one hand, the physical properties of the sound represented within a text and, on the other, the non- linguistic phenomena situated outside a text to which these sounds relate’[4]. The sound effects of the poetic text are basic to the interpretation of poetry. When a relationship between sound and meaning is obvious, then it can reinforce the significance of a word for speaker and hearer. ‘The way people ‘sound’ their language can, certainly, be an indication of their individual or cultural personalities Speakers of a different language, from a different culture, might associate different implications with such sounds’. [5] The most critics are interested in the form of the poem and its meaning, and the poet’s message. According to Paul Fussell ‘Poetic forms are like that: they tend to say things even if words are not at the moment fitted to their patterns. As Louis MacNeice has said, â€Å"In any poet’s poem the shape is half the meaning. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. [6] Poetic forms refer to different sets of rules followed by poems. The rules describe such ascpects as the meter or rhythm of the poem, the rhyme scheme or the use of alliteration. One of the basic ways in which poetry can be distinguished from prose is the possession of metre. Some critics maintain the idea that the rhythm and metre are the same thing. The difference between both is in the way in which they relate to the whole. The metre is ‘an extra layer of rhythmic structuring’. 7] The rhythm is ‘the apprehension of a series of events as a regularly repeated pulse of energy, an experience which has a muscular as well as a mental dimension’. [8] The following lines aim to discuss the relationship between sound patterns, their function and their contribution towards the meaning a certain poem generates. Attention will be paid to the poem ‘My Last Duchess’, written by Robert Browning. He was an English poet and playwright whose verses of dramatic monologues made him one of the most renowned Victorian poets today. The poem is anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue, ‘in which an identified character, or person, is the sole speaker: that is, the voice in the poem is ‘playing’ a role as in drama’. [9] The structure and the style of this poem play a significant role. It contains three formal elements – an occasion, a speaker, and a hearer. The words in dramatic monologues not only convey setting and action but also reveal the speaker’s character. The comments which he makes reveal information about his personality and psyche, knowingly or unknowingly. The main focus of a dramatic monologue is the personal information, not the topic which the speaker happens to be discussing. ‘We can see the personality of both poet and speaker in dramatic monologue, and can be aware of them operating as a reflex in the elements of action which is constant picture and vice versa’. [10] Browning defined the poem as a dramatic lyric. It is dramatic because there is an actor in it and performs a scene. However, at the same time it can’t be said that it is a typical lyric poem. The poem appears as one half of a conversation. He is not speaking his thoughts aloud to himself while he is alone. In general poems are written with the ‘full body’ of words and have their own meaning. ‘Meaning is something the reader intuits through the distorting influence of ‘form’, something the writer may choose, but does not necessarily control. ’[11] The goal of Browning is to illustrate a scene. There is a relation between sounds and meanings, the reality which language may represent. In his piece of work Robert Browning uses many techniques – enjambment, a simple rhyme scheme and caesura to convey various characteristics and qualities about the speaker and the situation. Mick Short claims that ‘The basic idea was that poems should enact what they described: ‘the sound must seem an echo to the sense’ (Alexander Pope, ‘An Essay on Criticism’, line 365). Musicality revolves around phonetic and rhythmic effects in particular, and it is thus necessary to be able to do metrical analysis in order to be able to explain important effects in many poems’. [12] ‘My last Duchess’ is written in iambic pentameter in order to imitate natural speech so that the poet is not confused with the persona. Browning’s intention is to imitate natural speech could be to distance himself from the Duke, who is the speaker in the poem.

The Charge of the Light Brigade and Attack Essay -- Alfred Lord Tennys

The Charge of the Light Brigade and Attack ' The Charge of the light Brigade' by Alfred Lord Tennyson and 'Attack' by Siegfried Sassoon are two very dissimilar poems. Both of them are on the same topic of war but have many contrasts in how they treat the subject matter, war. The main difference between these two poems is the audience that they were written for. Tennyson, as poet laureate, was written for public reading, but Sassoon's work which showed more emotion and feeling, was therefore more of a private poem. The poems' tone and mood are very different. Tennyson's poem is a triumphant, victorious and celebratory poem. This is because the Victorians did not want to read about defeat, as it was not considered honourable, so Tennyson praises the men who died in the charge. He writes, "Boldly they rode and well," and, "While horse and hero fell." Tennyson also tells us that they were fearless and did everything without query. " Theirs not to make reply. Theirs not to reason why." In the last verse of the poem Tennyson asks all people to, "Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!" Even in defeat Tennyson portrays the men as heroes. In contrast Sassoon created a sinister and threatening mood. His poem contains a mysterious haunting quality revealing the shocking brutality of what war was really like. Instead of portraying the men who fought as brave and fighting without question, he says they were, "Masked with fear," when they had to go over the top to meet the "Bristling fire". It is clever the way he uses bristling to depict the gunfire because by this he makes out that the gunfire is heavy. He also says, "Lines of grey, muttering faces," which depicts a questioning attitude, which is a com... ...een lines. ' Attack has thirteen lines.) The two poems are written from two points of view, and have very different purposes. Tennyson is reflecting on an event that had happened ten years beforehand and an event that he himself was not involved him. He was writing to commemorate those that had died during the charge. By the way he has written the poem, he seems to think that war was very honourable, even in defeat Sassoon however had experienced war, and really knew what it was like to be in the front line, ( unlike Tennyson). The purpose of his poem was to tell people what war was really like. How it was frightening and sad. He clearly and blatantly had a negative view of war, as he says in his last line, "O Jesus, make it stop!" and thinks of war as dishonourable and futile, " And hope with furtive eyes and grappling fists, flounders in the mud."

V.Frankl – Man’s Search for Meaning

With more than 4 million copies in print in the English language alone, Man's Search for Meaning, the chilling yet inspirational story of Viktor Frankl's struggle to hold on to hope during his three years as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps, is a true classic. Beacon Press is now pleased to present a special gift edition of a work that was hailed in 1959 by Carl Rogers as†one of the outstanding contributions to psychological thought in the last fifty years. † Frankl's training as a psychiatrist informed every waking moment of his ordeal and allowed him a remarkable perspective on the psychology of survival.His assertion that â€Å"the will to meaning† is the basic motivation for human life has forever changed the way we understand our humanity in the face of suffering. Man's Search for Meaning AN INTRODUCTION TO LOGOTHERAPY Fourth Edition Viktor E. Frankl PART ONE TRANSLATED BY ILSE LASCH PREFACE BY GORDON W. ALLPORT BEACON PRESS TO THE MEMORY OF MY MOTHER, B eacon Press 25 Beacon Street Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892 www. beacon. org Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.  © 1959, 1962, 1984, 1992 by Viktor E.Frankl All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First published in German in 1946 under the title Ein Psycholog erlebt das Konzentrationslager. Original English title was From Death-Camp to Existentialism. 05 04 03 02 01 Contents Preface by Gordon W. Allport 7 Preface to the 1992 Edition II PART ONE 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Experiences in a Concentration Camp 15 PART TWO Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Frankl, Viktor Emil. [Ein Psycholog erlebt das Konzentrationslager. English] Man's search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy / Viktor E.Frankl; part one translated by Use Lasch; preface by Gordon W. Allport. — 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8070-1426-5 (cloth) 1. Frankl, Viktor Emil . 2. Holocaust, Jewish (1939—1945)— Personal narratives. 3. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)— Psychological aspects. 4. Psychologists—Austria—Biography. 5. Logotherapy. I. Title. D810J4F72713 1992 i5o. ig'5—dc2o 92-21055 Logotherapy in a Nutshell 101 POSTSCRIPT 1984 The Case for a Tragic Optimism 137 Selected English Language Bibliography of Logotherapy 155 About the AuthorPreface Dr. Frankl, author-psychiatrist, sometimes asks his pa ­ tients who suffer from a multitude of torments great and small, â€Å"Why do you not commit suicide? † From their an ­ swers he can often find the guide-line for his psychotherapy: in one life there is love for one's children to tie to; in another life, a talent to be used; in a third, perhaps only lingering memories worth preserving. To weave these slender threads of a broken life into a firm pattern of mean ­ ing and responsibility is the object and challenge of logotherapy, which is Dr.Frankl's o wn version of modern exis ­ tential analysis. In this book, Dr. Frankl explains the experience which led to his discovery of logotherapy. As a longtime prisoner in bestial concentration camps he found himself stripped to naked existence. His father, mother, brother, and his wife died in camps or were sent to the gas ovens, so that, except ­ ing for his sister, his entire family perished in these camps. How could he—every possession lost, every value destroyed, suffering from hunger, cold and brutality, hourly expecting extermination—how could he find life worth preserving?A psychiatrist who personally has faced such extremity is a psychiatrist worth listening to. He, if anyone, should be 8 Preface able to view our human condition wisely and with compassion. Dr. Frankl's words have a profoundly honest ring, for they rest on experiences too deep for deception. What he has to say gains in prestige because of his present position on the Medical Faculty of the Universit y of Vienna and because of the renown of the logotherapy clinics that today are springing up in many lands, patterned on his own famous Neurological Policlinic in Vienna.One cannot help but compare Viktor Frankl's approach to theory and therapy with the work of his predecessor, Sigmund Freud. Both physicians concern themselves primarily with the nature and cure of neuroses. Freud finds the root of these distressing disorders in the anxiety caused by conflicting and unconscious motives. Frankl distinguishes several forms of neurosis, and traces some of them (the noogenic neuroses) to the failure of the sufferer to find meaning and a sense of responsibility in his existence. Freud stresses frustration in the sexual life; Frankl, frustration in the â€Å"will-to-meaning. In Europe today there is a marked turning away from Freud and a widespread embracing of Preface 9 existential analysis, which takes several related forms—the school of logotherapy being one. It is characteristi c of Frankl's tolerant outlook that he does not repudiate Freud, but builds gladly on his contributions; nor does he quarrel with other forms of existential therapy, but welcomes kinship with them. The present narrative, brief though it is, is artfully constructed and gripping. On two occasions I have read it through at a single sitting, unable to break away from its spell.Somewhere beyond the midpoint of the story Dr. Frankl introduces his own philosophy of logotherapy. He introduces it so gently into the continuing narrative that only after finishing the book does the reader realize that here is an essay of profound depth, and not just one more brutal tale of concentration camps. From this autobiographical fragment the reader learns much. He learns what a human being does when he suddenly realizes he has â€Å"nothing to lose except his so ridiculously naked life. † Frankl's description of the mixed flow of emotion and apathy is arresting.First to the rescue comes a cold de tached curiosity concerning one's fate. Swiftly, too, come strategies to preserve the remnants of one's life, though the chances of surviving are slight. Hunger, humiliation, fear and deep anger at injustice are rendered tolerable by closely guarded images of beloved persons, by religion, by a grim sense of humor, and even by glimpses of the healing beauties of nature—a tree or a sunset. But these moments of comfort do not establish the will to live unless they help the prisoner make larger sense out of his apparently senseless suffering.It is here that we encounter the central theme of existentialism: to live is to suffer, to survive is to find meaning in the suffering. If there is a purpose in life at all, there must be a purpose in suffer ­ ing and in dying. But no man can tell another what this purpose is. Each must find out for himself, and must accept t h e responsibility that his answer prescribes. If he succeeds he will continue to grow in spite of all indignities. Frankl is fond of quoting Nietzsche, â€Å"He who has a why to live can bear with almost any how. In the concentration camp every circumstance conspires to make the prisoner lose his hold. All the familiar goals in life are snatched away. What alone remains is â€Å"the last of human freedoms†Ã¢â‚¬â€the ability to â€Å"choose one's attitude in a given set of circumstances. † This ultimate freedom, recognized by the ancient Stoics as well as by modern existentialists, takes on vivid significance in Frankl's story. The prisoners were only average men, but some, at least, by choosing to be â€Å"worthy of their suffering† proved man's capacity to rise above his outward fate. As a psychotherapist, the author, of course, wants to 0 Preface know how men can be helped to achieve this distinctively human capacity. How can one awaken in a patient the feeling that he is responsible to life for something, however grim his circumstances may be? Frankl gives us a moving a ccount of one collective therapeutic session he held with his fellow prisoners. At the publisher's request Dr. Frankl has added a state ­ ment of the basic tenets of logotherapy as well as a bibliog ­ raphy. Up to now most of the publications of this â€Å"Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy† (the predecessors being the Freudian and Adlerian Schools) have been chiefly in German.The reader will therefore welcome Dr. Frankl's supplement to his personal narrative. Unlike many European existentialists, Frankl is neither pessimistic nor antireligious. On the contrary, for a writer who faces fully the ubiquity of suffering and the forces of evil, he takes a surprisingly hopeful view of man's capacity to transcend his predicament and discover an adequate guiding truth. I recommend this little book heartily, for it is a gem of dramatic narrative, focused upon the deepest of human problems.It has literary and philosophical merit and pro ­ vides a compelling introduction to th e most significant psychological movement of our day. GORDON W. ALLPORT Preface to the 1992 Edition This book has now lived to see nearly one hundred print ­ ings in English—in addition to having been published in twenty-one other languages. And the English editions alone have sold more than three million copies. These are the dry facts, and they may well be the reason why reporters of American newspapers and particularly of American TV stations more often than not start their in ­ terviews, after listing these facts, by exclaiming: â€Å"Dr.Frankl, your book has become a true bestseller—how do you feel about such a success? † Whereupon I react by reporting that in the first place I do not at all see in the bestseller status of my book an achievement and accomplishment on my part but rather an expression of the misery of our time: if hun ­ dreds of thousands of people reach out for a book whose very title promises to deal with the question of a meaning to life, it must be a question that burns under their fingernails.To be sure, something else may have contributed to the impact of the book: its second, theoretical part (â€Å"Logother ­ apy in a Nutshell†) boils down, as it were, to the lesson one may distill from the first part, the autobiographical account (â€Å"Experiences in a Concentration Camp†), whereas Part One 11 Gordon W. Allport, formerly a professor of psychology at Harvard University, was one of the foremost writers and teachers in the field in this hemisphere. He was author of a large number of original works on psychology and was the editor of the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.It is chiefly through the pioneering work of Professor All ­ port that Dr. Frankl's momentous theory was introduced to this country; moreover, it is to his credit that the interest shown here in logotherapy is growing by leaps and bounds. 12 Preface to the 1992 Edition Preface to the 1992 Edition 13 serves as the ex istential validation of my theories. Thus, both parts mutually support their credibility. I had none of this in mind when I wrote the book in 1945. And I did so within nine successive days and with the firm determination that the book should be published anonymously.In fact, the first printing of the original German version does not show my name on the cover, though at the last moment, just before the book's initial publication, I did finally give in to my friends who had urged me to let it be published with my name at least on the title page. At first, however, it had been written with the absolute conviction that, as an anonymous opus, it could never earn its author literary fame. I had wanted simply to convey to the reader by way of a concrete example that life holds a potential meaning under any conditions, even the most miserable ones.And I thought that if the point were demonstrated in a situation as extreme as that in a concentration camp, my book might gain a hearing. I ther efore felt responsible for writing down what I had gone through, for I thought it might be helpful to people who are prone to despair. And so it is both strange and remarkable to me that— among some dozens of books I have authored—precisely this one, which I had intended to be published anonymously so that it could never build up any reputation on the part of the author, did become a success.Again and again I therefore admonish my students both in Europe and in America: â€Å"Don't aim at success—the more you aim at it and make it a target, the more you are going to miss it. For success, like happiness, cannot be pursued; it must ensue, and it only does so as the unintended side-effect of one's dedication to a cause greater than oneself or as the by-product of one's surrender to a person other than oneself. Happiness must happen, and the same holds for success: you have to let it happen by not caring about it. I want you to listen to what your conscience comman ds you to do and go on to carry it out to the best of our knowledge. Then you will live to see that in the long run—in the long run, I say! —success will follow you precisely because you had forgotten to think of it. † The reader may ask me why I did not try to escape what was in store for me after Hitler had occupied Austria. Let me answer by recalling the following story. Shortly before the United States entered World War II, I received an invitation to come to the American Consulate in Vienna to pick up my immigration visa. My old parents were overjoyed because they expected that I would soon be allowed to leave Austria. I suddenly hesitated, however.The question beset me: could I really afford to leave my parents alone to face their fate, to be sent, sooner or later, to a concentration camp, or even to a so-called extermination camp? Where did my responsibility lie? Should I foster my brain child, logotherapy, by emigrating to fertile soil where I could write my books? Or should I concentrate on my duties as a real child, the child of my parents who had to do whatever he could to protect them? I pondered the problem this way and that but could not arrive at a solution; this was the type of dilemma that made one wish for â€Å"a hint from Heaven,† as the phrase goes.It was then that I noticed a piece of marble lying on a table at home. When I asked my father about it, he explained that he had found it on the site where the National Socialists had burned down the largest Viennese synagogue. He had taken the piece home because it was a part of the tablets on which the Ten Commandments were inscribed. One gilded Hebrew letter was engraved on the piece; my father explained that this letter stood for one of the Commandments. Eagerly I asked, â€Å"Which one is it? † He answered, â€Å"Honor thy father and thy mother that thy days may be long upon the land. At that moment I decided to stay with my father and my mother upon the l and, and to let the American visa lapse VIKTOR E. FRANKL Vienna, 1992. PART ONE Experiences in a Concentration Camp THIS BOOK DOES NOT CLAIM TO BE an account of facts and events but of personal experiences, experiences which millions of prisoners have suffered time and again. It is the inside story of a concentration camp, told by one of its survivors. This tale is not concerned with the great horrors, which have already been described often enough (though less often believed), but with the multitude of small torments.In other words, it will try to answer this question: How was everyday life in a concentration camp reflected in the mind of the average prisoner? Most of the events described here did not take place in the large and famous camps, but in the small ones where most of the real extermination took place. This story is not about the suffering and death of great heroes and martyrs, nor is it about the prominent Capos—prisoners who acted as trustees, having special priv ileges—or well-known pris ­ oners.Thus it is not so much concerned with the sufferings of the mighty, but with the sacrifices, the crucifixion and the deaths of the great army of unknown and unrecorded victims. It was these common prisoners, who bore no dis ­ tinguishing marks on their sleeves, whom the Capos really despised. While these ordinary prisoners had little or noth- 18 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 19 ing to eat, the Capos were never hungry; in fact many of the Capos fared better in the camp than they had in their entire lives.Often they were harder on the prisoners than were the guards, and beat them more cruelly than the SS men did. These Capos, of course, were chosen only from those prisoners whose characters promised to make them suitable for such procedures, and if they did not comply with what was expected of them, they were immediately demoted. They soon became much like the SS men and the camp wardens and may be judged on a similar psychologi ­ cal basis. It is easy for the outsider to get the wrong conception of camp life, a conception mingled with sentiment and pity.Little does he know of the hard fight for existence which raged among the prisoners. This was an unrelenting strug ­ gle for daily bread and for life itself, for one's own sake or for that of a good friend. Let us take the case of a transport which was officially announced to transfer a certain number of prisoners to an ­ other camp; but it was a fairly safe guess that its final destination would be the gas chambers. A selection of sick or feeble prisoners incapable of work would be sent to one of the big central camps which were fitted with gas chambers and crematoriums.The selection process was the signal for a free fight among all the prisoners, or of group against group. All that mattered was that one's own name and that of one's friend were crossed off the list of victims, though everyone knew that for each man saved another v ictim had to be found. A definite number of prisoners had to go with each transport. It did not really matter which, since each of them was nothing but a number. On their admission to the camp (at least this was the method in Auschwitz) all their docu- ments had been taken from them, together with their other possessions.Each prisoner, therefore, had had an oppor ­ tunity to claim a fictitious name or profession; and for vari ­ ous reasons many did this. The authorities were interested only in the captives' numbers. These numbers were often tattooed on their skin, and also had to be sewn to a certain spot on the trousers, jacket, or coat. Any guard who wanted to make a charge against a prisoner just glanced at his number (and how we dreaded such glances! ); he never asked for his name. To return to the convoy about to depart. There was nei ­ ther time nor desire to consider moral or ethical issues.Every man was controlled by one thought only: to keep himself alive for the fami ly waiting for him at home, and to save his friends. With no hesitation, therefore, he would arrange for another prisoner, another â€Å"number,† to take his place in the transport. As I have already mentioned, the process of selecting Capos was a negative one; only the most brutal of the pris ­ oners were chosen for this job (although there were some happy exceptions). But apart from the selection of Capos which was undertaken by the SS, there was a sort of selfselecting process going on the whole time among all of the prisoners.On the average, only those prisoners could keep alive who, after years of trekking from camp to camp, had lost all scruples in their fight for existence; they were pre ­ pared to use every means, honest and otherwise, even brutal force, theft, and betrayal of their friends, in order to save themselves. We who have come back, by the aid of many lucky chances or miracles—whatever one may choose to call them—we know: the best of us did not return. Many factual accounts about concentration camps are al ­ ready on record. Here, facts will be significant only as far as 20 Man's Search for MeaningExperiences in a Concentration Camp 21 they are part of a man's experiences. It is the exact nature of these experiences that the following essay will attempt to describe. For those who have been inmates in a camp, it will attempt to explain their experiences in the light of present-day knowledge. And for those who have never been inside, it may help them to comprehend, and above all to understand, the experiences of that only too small per ­ centage of prisoners who survived and who now find life very difficult. These former prisoners often say, â€Å"We dislike talking about our experiences.No explanations are needed for those who have been inside, and the others will under ­ stand neither how we felt then nor how we feel now. † To attempt a methodical presentation of the subject is very difficult, as psycholo gy requires a certain scientific de ­ tachment. But does a man who makes his observations while he himself is a prisoner possess the necessary detach ­ ment? Such detachment is granted to the outsider, but he is too far removed to make any statements of real value. Only the man inside knows. His judgments may not be objective; his evaluations may be out of proportion.This is inevita ­ ble. An attempt must be made to avoid any personal bias, and that is the real difficulty of a book of this kind. At times it will be necessary to have the courage to tell of very in ­ timate experiences. I had intended to write this book anonymously, using my prison number only. But when the manuscript was completed, I saw that as an anonymous publication it would lose half its value, and that I must have the courage to state my convictions openly. I therefore refrained from deleting any of the passages, in spite of an intense dislike of exhibitionism.I shall leave it to others to distill the c ontents of this book into dry theories. These might become a contribution to the psychology of prison life, which was investigated after the First World War, and which acquainted us with the syndrome of â€Å"barbed wire sickness. † We are indebted to the Second World War for enriching our knowledge of the â€Å"psychopathology of the masses,† (if I may quote a varia ­ tion of the well-known phrase and title of a book by LeBon), for the war gave us the war of nerves and it gave us the concentration camp.As this story is about my experiences as an ordinary pris ­ oner, it is important that I mention, not without pride, that I was not employed as a psychiatrist in camp, or even as a doctor, except for the last few weeks. A few of my colleagues were lucky enough to be employed in poorly heated first-aid posts applying bandages made of scraps of waste paper. But I was Number 119,104, and most of the time I was digging and laying tracks for railway lines. At one time, m y job was to dig a tunnel, without help, for a water main under a road.This feat did not go unrewarded; just before Christ ­ mas 1944, I was presented with a gift of so-called â€Å"premium coupons. † These were issued by the construction firm to which we were practically sold as slaves: the firm paid the camp authorities a fixed price per day, per prisoner. The coupons cost the firm fifty pfennigs each and could be ex ­ changed for six cigarettes, often weeks later, although they sometimes lost their validity. I became the proud owner of a token worth twelve cigarettes. But more important, the cig ­ arettes could be exchanged for twelve soups, and twelve soups were often a very real respite from starvation.The privilege of actually smoking cigarettes was reserved for the Capo, who had his assured quota of weekly coupons; or possibly for a prisoner who worked as a foreman in a warehouse or workshop and received a few cigarettes in exchange for doing dangerous jobs. The only exceptions to this were those who had lost the will to live and wanted to â€Å"enjoy† their last days. Thus, when we saw a comrade smoking his own cigarettes, we knew he had given up faith 22 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 23 n his strength to carry on, and, once lost, the will to live seldom returned. When one examines the vast amount of material which has been amassed as the result of many prisoners' observa ­ tions and experiences, three phases of the inmate's mental reactions to camp life become apparent: the period follow ­ ing his admission; the period when he is well entrenched in camp routine; and the period following his release and liberation. The symptom that characterizes the first phase is shock. Under certain conditions shock may even precede the pris ­ oner's formal admission to the camp.I shall give as an ex ­ ample the circumstances of my own admission. Fifteen hundred persons had been traveling by train for several days and nights: there were eighty people in each coach. All had to lie on top of their luggage, the few rem ­ nants of their personal possessions. The carriages were so full that only the top parts of the windows were free to let in the grey of dawn. Everyone expected the train to head for some munitions factory, in which we would be em ­ ployed as forced labor. We did not know whether we were still in Silesia or already in Poland.The engine's whistle had an uncanny sound, like a cry for help sent out in com ­ miseration for the unhappy load which it was destined to lead into perdition. Then the train shunted, obviously nearing a main station. Suddenly a cry broke from the ranks of the anxious passengers, â€Å"There is a sign, Auschwitz! † Everyone's heart missed a beat at that moment. Auschwitz—the very name stood for all that was horrible: gas chambers, crematoriums, massacres. Slowly, almost hesi ­ tatingly, the train moved on as if it wanted to spare its passengers the dreadful realization as long as possible: Auschwitz!With the progressive dawn, the outlines of an immense camp became visible: long stretches of several rows of barbed wire fences; watch towers; search lights; and long columns of ragged human figures, grey in the greyness of dawn, trekking along the straight desolate roads, to what destination we did not know. There were isolated shouts and whistles of command. We did not know their meaning. My imagination led me to see gallows with people dangling on them. I was horrified, but this was just as well, because step by step we had to become accustomed to a terrible and immense horror.Eventually we moved into the station. The initial silence was interrupted by shouted commands. We were to hear those rough, shrill tones from then on, over and over again in all the camps. Their sound was almost like the last cry of a victim, and yet there was a difference. It had a rasping hoarseness, as if it came from the throat of a man who had to keep shouting like that, a man who was being murdered again and again. The carriage doors were flung open and a small detachment of prisoners stormed inside. They wore striped uniforms, their heads were shaved, but they looked well fed.They spoke in every possible European tongue, and all with a certain amount of humor, which sounded grotesque under the circumstances. Like a drowning man clutching a straw, my inborn optimism (which has often controlled my feelings even in the most desperate situa ­ tions) clung to this thought: These prisoners look quite well, they seem to be in good spirits and even laugh. Who knows? I might manage to share their favorable position. In psychiatry there is a certain condition known as â€Å"delu ­ sion of reprieve. † The condemned man, immediately before his execution, gets the illusion that he might be reprieved at the very last minute.We, too, clung to shreds of hope and believed to the last moment that it would not be so ba d. Just the sight of the red cheeks and round faces of 24 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 25 those prisoners was a great encouragement. Little did we know then that they formed a specially chosen elite, who for years had been the receiving squad for new transports as they rolled into the station day after day. They took charge of the new arrivals and their luggage, including scarce items and smuggled jewelry. Auschwitz must have been a strange spot in this Europe of the last years of the war.There must have been unique treasures of gold and silver, platinum and diamonds, not only in the huge storehouses but also in the hands of the SS. Fifteen hundred captives were cooped up in a shed built to accommodate probably two hundred at the most. We were cold and hungry and there was not enough room for everyone to squat on the bare ground, let alone to lie down. One five-ounce piece of bread was our only food in four days. Yet I heard the senior prisoners in ch arge of the shed bargain with one member of the receiving party about a tie-pin made of platinum and diamonds. Most of the profits would eventually be traded for liquor—schnapps.I do not remember any more just how many thousands of marks were needed to purchase the quantity of schnapps required for a â€Å"gay evening,† but I do know that those long-term prisoners needed schnapps. Under such conditions, who could blame them for trying to dope themselves? There was another group of prisoners who got liquor supplied in al ­ most unlimited quantities by the SS: these were the men who were employed in the gas chambers and crematoriums, and who knew very well that one day they would be re ­ lieved by a new shift of men, and that they would have to leave their enforced role of executioner and become victims themselves.Nearly everyone in our transport lived under the illusion that he would be reprieved, that everything would yet be well. We did not realize the meaning beh ind the scene that was to follow presently. We were told to leave our luggage in the train and to fall into two lines—women on one side, men on the other—in order to file past a senior SS officer. Surprisingly enough, I had the courage to hide my haver ­ sack under my coat. My line filed past the officer, man by man. I realized that it would be dangerous if the officer spotted my bag.He would at least knock me down; I knew that from previous experience. Instinctively, I straightened on approaching the officer, so that he would not notice my heavy load. Then I was face to face with him. He was a tall man who looked slim and fit in his spotless uniform. What a contrast to us, who were untidy and grimy after our long journey! He had assumed an attitude of careless ease, supporting his right elbow with his left hand. His right hand was lifted, and with the forefinger of that hand he pointed very leisurely to the right or to the left.None of us had the slightest idea of t he sinister meaning behind that little movement of a man's finger, pointing now to the right and now to the left, but far more frequently to the left. It was my turn. Somebody whispered to me that to be sent to the right side would mean work, the way to the left being for the sick and those incapable of work, who would be sent to a special camp. I just waited for things to take their course, the first of many such times to come. My haver ­ sack weighed me down a bit to the left, but I made an effort to walk upright.The SS man looked me over, appeared to hesitate, then put both his hands on my shoulders. I tried very hard to look smart, and he turned my shoulders very slowly until I faced right, and I moved over to that side. The significance of the finger game was explained to us in the evening. It was the first selection, the first verdict made on our existence or non-existence. For the great ma ­ jority of our transport, about 90 per cent, it meant death. Their sentence was ca rried out within the next few hours. Those who were sent to the left were marched from the station straight to the crematorium.This building, as I was 26 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 27 told by someone who worked there, had the word â€Å"bath† written over its doors in several European languages. On entering, each prisoner was handed a piece of soap, and then but mercifully I do not need to describe the events which followed. Many accounts have been written about this horror. We who were saved, the minority of our transport, found out the truth in the evening. I inquired from prisoners who had been there for some time where my colleague and friend P had been sent. â€Å"Was he sent to the left side? â€Å"Yes,† I replied. â€Å"Then you can see him there,† I was told. â€Å"Where? † A hand pointed to the chimney a few hundred yards off, which was sending a column of flame up into the grey sky of Poland. It dissolved into a sinister cloud of smoke. â€Å"That's where your friend is, floating up to Heaven,† was the answer. But I still did not understand until the truth was explained to me in plain words. But I am telling things out of their turn. From a psycho ­ logical point of view, we had a long, long way in front of us from the break of that dawn at the station until our first night's rest at the camp.Escorted by SS guards with loaded guns, we were made to run from the station, past electrically charged barbed wire, through the camp, to the cleansing station; for those of us who had passed the first selection, this was a real bath. Again our illusion of reprieve found confirmation. The SS men seemed almost charming. Soon we found out their rea ­ son. They were nice to us as long as they saw watches on our wrists and could persuade us in well-meaning tones to hand them over. Would we not have to hand over all our possessions anyway, and hy should not that relatively nice person have the watch? Maybe one day he would do one a good turn. We waited in a shed which seemed to be the anteroom to the disinfecting chamber. SS men appeared and spread out blankets into which we had to throw all our possessions, all our watches and jewelry. There were still naive prisoners among us who asked, to the amusement of the more sea ­ soned ones who were there as helpers, if they could not keep a wedding ring, a medal or a good-luck piece. No one could yet grasp the fact that everything would be taken away.I tried to take one of the old prisoners into my confi ­ dence. Approaching him furtively, I pointed to the roll of paper in the inner pocket of my coat and said, â€Å"Look, this is the manuscript of a scientific book. I know what you will say; that I should be grateful to escape with my life, that that should be all I can expect of fate. But I cannot help myself. I must keep this manuscript at all costs; it contains my life's work. Do you understand that? † Yes, he was beginning to understand.A grin spread slowly over his face, first piteous, then more amused, mock ­ ing, insulting, until he bellowed one word at me in answer to my question, a word that was ever present in the vocabu ­ lary of the camp inmates: â€Å"Shit! † At that moment I saw the plain truth and did what marked the culminating point of the first phase of my psychological reaction: I struck out my whole former life. Suddenly there was a stir among my fellow travelers, who had been standing about with pale, frightened faces, help ­ lessly debating. Again we heard the hoarsely shouted com ­ mands. We were driven with blows into the immediate anteroom of the bath.There we assembled around an SS man who waited until we had all arrived. Then he said, â€Å"I will give you two minutes, and I shall time you by my watch. In these two minutes you will get fully undressed 28 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 29 and drop everything on the floor wh ere you are standing. You will take nothing with you except your shoes, your belt or suspenders, and possibly a truss. I am starting to count— now! † With unthinkable haste, people tore off their clothes. As the time grew shorter, they became increasingly nervous and pulled clumsily at their underwear, belts and shoe ­ laces.Then we heard the first sounds of whipping; leather straps beating down on naked bodies. Next we were herded into another room to be shaved: not only our heads were shorn, but not a hair was left on our entire bodies. Then on to the showers, where we lined up again. We hardly recognized each other; but with great relief some people noted that real water dripped from the sprays. While we were waiting for the shower, our nakedness was brought home to us: we really had nothing now except our bare bodies—even minus hair; all we possessed, literally, was our naked existence.What else remained for us as a material link with our former lives? For me there were my glasses and my belt; the latter I had to exchange later on for a piece of bread. There was an extra bit of excitement in store for the owners of trusses. In the evening the senior prisoner in charge of our hut welcomed us with a speech in which he gave us his word of honor that he would hang, personally, â€Å"from that beam†Ã¢â‚¬â€he pointed to it—any per ­ son who had sewn money or precious stones into his truss. Proudly he explained that as a senior inhabitant the camp laws entitled him to do so. Where our shoes were concerned, matters were not so simple.Although we were supposed to keep them, those who had fairly decent pairs had to give them up after all and were given in exchange shoes that did not fit. In for real trouble were those prisoners who had followed the ap- parently well-meant advice (given in the anteroom) of the senior prisoners and had shortened their jackboots by cut ­ ting the tops off, then smearing soap on the cut edges to hide the sabotage. The SS men seemed to have waited for just that. All suspected of this crime had to go into a small adjoining room. After a time we again heard the lashings of the strap, and the screams of tortured men.This time it lasted for quite a while. Thus the illusions some of us still held were destroyed one by one, and then, quite unexpectedly, most of us were overcome by a grim sense of humor. We knew that we had nothing to lose except our so ridiculously naked lives. When the showers started to run, we all tried very hard to make fun, both about ourselves and about each other. After all, real water did flow from the spraysl Apart from that strange kind of humor, another sensa ­ tion seized us: curiosity. I have experienced this kind of curiosity before, as a fundamental reaction toward certain strange circumstances.When my life was once endangered by a climbing accident, I felt only one sensation at the critical moment: curiosity, curiosity as to whether I should come out of it alive or with a fractured skull or some other injuries. Cold curiosity predominated even in Auschwitz, some ­ how detaching the mind from its surroundings, which came to be regarded with a kind of objectivity. At that time one cultivated this state of mind as a means of protection. We were anxious to know what would happen next; and what would be the consequence, for example, of our standing in the open air, in the chill of late autumn, stark naked, and still wet from the showers.In the next few days our curi ­ osity evolved into surprise; surprise that we did not catch cold. There were many similar surprises in store for new ar- 30 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 31 rivals. The medical men among us learned first of all: â€Å"Textbooks tell lies! † Somewhere it is said that man cannot exist without sleep for more than a stated number of hours. Quite wrongl I had been convinced that there were certain things I just could not do: I c ould not sleep without this or I could not live with that or the other.The first night in Auschwitz we slept in beds which were constructed in tiers. On each tier (measuring about six-and-a-half to eight feet) slept nine men, directly on the boards. Two blankets were shared by each nine men. We could, of course, lie only on our sides, crowded and huddled against each other, which had some advantages because of the bitter cold. Though it was forbidden to take shoes up to the bunks, some people did use them secretly as pillows in spite of the fact that they were caked with mud. Otherwise one's head had to rest on the crook of an almost dislocated arm.And yet sleep came and brought oblivion and relief from pain for a few hours. I would like to mention a few similar surprises on how much we could endure: we were unable to clean our teeth, and yet, in spite of that and a severe vitamin deficiency, we had healthier gums than ever before. We had to wear the same shirts for half a year, unt il they had lost all ap ­ pearance of being shirts. For days we were unable to wash, even partially, because of frozen water-pipes, and yet the sores and abrasions on hands which were dirty from work in the soil did not suppurate (that is, unless there was frost ­ bite).Or for instance, a light sleeper, who used to be dis ­ turbed by the slightest noise in the next room, now found himself lying pressed against a comrade who snored loudly a few inches from his ear and yet slept quite soundly through the noise. If someone now asked of us the truth of Dostoevski's statement that flatly defines man as a being who can get used to anything, we would reply, â€Å"Yes, a man can get used to anything, but do not ask us how. † But our psychological investigations have not taken us that far yet; neither had we prisoners reached that point. We were still in the first phase of our psychological reactions.The thought of suicide was entertained by nearly every ­ one, if only for a b rief time. It was born of the hopelessness of the situation, the constant danger of death looming over us daily and hourly, and the closeness of the deaths suffered by many of the others. From personal convictions which will be mentioned later, I made myself a firm promise, on my first evening in camp, that I would not â€Å"run into the wire. † This was a phrase used in camp to describe the most popular method of suicide—touching the electrically charged barbed-wire fence. It was not entirely difficult for me to make this decision.There was little point in commit ­ ting suicide, since, for the average inmate, life expectation, calculating objectively and counting all likely chances, was very poor. He could not with any assurance expect to be among the small percentage of men who survived all the selections. The prisoner of Auschwitz, in the first phase of shock, did not fear death. Even the gas chambers lost their horrors for him after the first few days—afte r all, they spared him the act of committing suicide. Friends whom I have met later have told me that I was not one of those whom the shock of admission greatly de ­ pressed.I only smiled, and quite sincerely, when the follow ­ ing episode occurred the morning after our first night in Auschwitz. In spite of strict orders not to leave our â€Å"blocks,† a colleague of mine, who had arrived in Auschwitz several weeks previously, smuggled himself into our hut. He wanted to calm and comfort us and tell us a few things. He had become so thin that at first we did not recognize him. With a show of good humor and a Devil-may-care attitude he gave us a few hurried tips: â€Å"Don't be afraid! Don't fear the selections! Dr.M (the SS medical chief) has a soft spot for doctors. † (This was wrong; my friend's kindly 32 Man's Search for Meaning words were misleading. One prisoner, the doctor of a block, of huts and a man of some sixty years, told me how he had entreated Dr. M to let off his son, who was destined for gas. Dr. M coldly refused. ) â€Å"But one thing I beg of you†; he continued, â€Å"shave daily, if at all possible, even if you have to use a piece of glass to do it . . . even if you have to give your last piece of bread for it. You will look younger and the scraping will make your cheeks look ruddier.If you want to stay alive, there is only one way: look fit for work. If you even limp, because, let us say, you have a small blister on your heel, and an SS man spots this, he will wave you aside and the next day you are sure to be gassed. Do you know what we mean by a ‘Moslem'? A man who looks miserable, down and out, sick and emaciated, and who cannot manage hard physical labor any longer . . . that is a ‘Moslem. ‘ Sooner or later, usually sooner, every ‘Moslem' goes to the gas chambers. Therefore, remember: shave, stand and walk smartly; then you need not be afraid of gas.All of you standing here, even if you h ave only been here twenty-four hours, you need not fear gas, except perhaps you. † And then he pointed to me and said, â€Å"I hope you don't mind my telling you frankly. † To the others he repeated, â€Å"Of all of you he is the only one who must fear the next selection. So, don't worry! † And I smiled. I am now convinced that anyone in my place on that day would have done the same. Experiences in a Concentration Camp I think it was Lessing who once said, â€Å"There are things which must cause you to lose your reason or you have none to lose. An abnormal reaction to an abnormal situation is normal behavior. Even we psychiatrists expect the reactions of a man to an abnormal situation, such as being com ­ mitted to an asylum, to be abnormal in proportion to the degree of his normality. The reaction of a man to his admission to a concentration camp also represents an abnormal state of mind, but judged objectively it is a normal and, as will be shown later, typi cal reaction to the given circumstances. These reactions, as I have described them, began to change in a few days.The prisoner passed from the first to the second phase; the phase of relative apathy, in which he achieved a kind of emotional death. Apart from the already described reactions, the newly arrived prisoner experienced the tortures of other most painful emotions, all of which he tried to deaden. First of all, there was his boundless longing for his home and his family. This often could become so acute that he felt himself consumed by longing. Then there was disgust; disgust with all the ugliness which surrounded him, even in its mere external forms.Most of the prisoners were given a uniform of rags which would have made a scarecrow elegant by comparison. Between the huts in the camp lay pure filth, and the more one worked to clear it away, the more one had to come in contact with it. It was a favorite practice to detail a new arrival to a work group whose job was to clean the latrines and remove the sewage. If, as usually happened, some of the excrement splashed into his face during its transport over bumpy fields, any sign of disgust by the prisoner or any attempt to wipe off the filth would only be punished with a blow from a Capo.And thus the mortification of normal reactions was hastened. At first the prisoner looked away if he saw the punishment parades of another group; he could not bear to see fellow prisoners march up and down for hours in the mire, their movements directed by blows. Days or weeks later things changed. Early in the morning, when it was still dark, the prisoner stood in front of the gate with his detachment, ready to march. He heard a scream and saw how 34 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 35 comrade was knocked down, pulled to his feet again, and knocked down once more—and why? He was feverish but had reported to sick-bay at an improper time. He was being punished for this irregular attempt t o be relieved of his duties. But the prisoner who had passed into the second stage of his psychological reactions did not avert his eyes any more. By then his feelings were blunted, and he watched un ­ moved. Another example: he found himself waiting at sick ­ bay, hoping to be granted two days of light work inside the camp because of injuries or perhaps edema or fever.He stood unmoved while a twelve-year-old boy was carried in who had been forced to stand at attention for hours in the snow or to work outside with bare feet because there were no shoes for him in the camp. His toes had become frost ­ bitten, and the doctor on duty picked off the black gan ­ grenous stumps with tweezers, one by one. Disgust, horror and pity are emotions that our spectator could not really feel any more. The sufferers, the dying and the dead, be ­ came such commonplace sights to him after a few weeks of camp life that they could not move him any more.I spent some time in a hut for typhus pati ents who ran very high temperatures and were often delirious, many of them moribund. After one of them had just died, I watched without any emotional upset the scene that followed, which was repeated over and over again with each death. One by one the prisoners approached the still warm body. One grabbed the remains of a messy meal of potatoes; another decided that the corpse's wooden shoes were an improve ­ ment on his own, and exchanged them. A third man did the same with the dead man's coat, and another was glad to be able to secure some—just imagine! —genuine string.All this I watched with unconcern. Eventually I asked the â€Å"nurse† to remove the body. When he decided to do so, he took the corpse by its legs, allowing it to drop into the small corridor between the two rows of boards which were the beds for the fifty typhus patients, and dragged it across the bumpy earthen floor toward the door. The two steps which led up into the open air always constit uted a prob ­ lem for us, since we were exhausted from a chronic lack of food. After a few months' stay in the camp we could not walk up those steps, which were each about six inches high, without putting our hands on the door jambs to pull our ­ selves up.The man with the corpse approached the steps. Wearily he dragged himself up. Then the body: first the feet, then the trunk, and finally—with an uncanny rattling noise— the head of the corpse bumped up the two steps. My place was on the opposite side of the hut, next to the small, sole window, which was built near the floor. While my cold hands clasped a bowl of hot soup from which I sipped greedily, I happened to look out the window. The corpse which had just been removed stared in at me with glazed eyes. Two hours before I had spoken to that man.Now I continued sipping my soup. If my lack of emotion had not surprised me from the standpoint of professional interest, I would not remember this incident now, because there was so little feeling in ­ volved in it. Apathy, the blunting of the emotions and the feeling that one could not care any more, were the symptoms arising during the second stage of the prisoner's psychological re ­ actions, and which eventually made him insensitive to daily and hourly beatings. By means of this insensibility the pris ­ oner soon surrounded himself with a very necessary protec ­ tive shell. 6 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 37 Beatings occurred on the slightest provocation, sometimes for no reason at all. For example, bread was rationed out at our work site and we had to line up for it. Once, the man behind me stood off a little to one side and that lack of symmetry displeased the SS guard. I did not know what was going on in the line behind me, nor in the mind of the SS guard, but suddenly I received two sharp blows on my head. Only then did I spot the guard at my side who was using his stick.At such a moment it is not the physical pain which hurts the most (and this applies to adults as much as to punished children); it is the mental agony caused by the injustice, the unreasonableness of it all. Strangely enough, a blow which does not even find its mark can, under certain circumstances, hurt more than one that finds its mark. Once I was standing on a railway track in a snowstorm. In spite of the weather our party had to keep on working. I worked quite hard at mending the track with gravel, since that was the only way to keep warm. For only one moment I paused to get my breath and to lean on my shovel.Unfortunately the guard turned around just then and thought I was loafing. The pain he caused me was not from any insults or any blows. That guard did not think it worth his while to say anything, not even a swear word, to the ragged, emaciated figure standing before him, which probably reminded him only vaguely of a human form. Instead, he playfully picked up a stone and threw it at me. That, to me, se emed the way to attract the attention of a beast, to call a domestic animal back to its job, a creature with which you have so little in common that you do not even punish it.The most painful part of beatings is the insult which they imply. At one time we had to carry some long, heavy girders over icy tracks. If one man slipped, he endangered not only himself but all the others who carried the same girder. An old friend of mine had a congenitally dislocated hip. He was glad to be capable of working in spite of it, since the physically disabled were almost certainly sent to death when a selection took place. He limped over the track with an especially heavy girder, and seemed about to fall and drag the others with him. As yet, I was not carrying a girder so I jumped to his assistance without stopping to think.I was immediately hit on the back, rudely repri ­ manded and ordered to return to my place. A few minutes previously the same guard who struck me had told us deprecatingly tha t we â€Å"pigs† lacked the spirit of comrade ­ ship. Another time, in a forest, with the temperature at 2 °F, we began to dig up the topsoil, which was frozen hard, in order to lay water pipes. By then I had grown rather weak physi ­ cally. Along came a foreman with chubby rosy cheeks. His face definitely reminded me of a pig's head. I noticed that he wore lovely warm gloves in that bitter cold. For a time he watched me silently.I felt that trouble was brewing, for in front of me lay the mound of earth which showed exactly how much I had dug. Then he began: â€Å"You pig, I have been watching you the whole time! I'll teach you to work, yet! Wait till you dig dirt with your teeth—you'll die like an animal! In two days I'll finish you off! You've never done a stroke of work in your life. What were you, swine? A businessman? † I was past caring. But I had to take his threat of killing me seriously, so I straightened up and looked him directly in the eye. â⠂¬Å"I was a doctor—a specialist. † â€Å"What? A doctor?I bet you got a lot of money out of people. † â€Å"As it happens, I did most of my work for no money at all, in clinics for the poor. † But, now, I had said too much. He threw himself on me and knocked me down, shouting like a madman. I can no longer remember what he shouted. I want to show with this apparently trivial story that 38 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 39 there are moments when indignation can rouse even a seemingly hardened prisoner—indignation not about cruelty or pain, but about the insult connected with it. That time blood rushed to my head because I had to listen o a man judge my life who had so little idea of it, a man (I must confess: the following remark, which I made to my fellow-prisoners after the scene, afforded me childish relief) â€Å"who looked so vulgar and brutal that the nurse in the outpatient ward in my hospital would not even have admitted him to the waiting room. † Fortunately the Capo in my working party was obligated to me; he had taken a liking to me because I listened to his love stories and matrimonial troubles, which he poured out during the long marches to our work site. I had made an impression on him with my diagnosis of his character and with my psychotherapeutic advice.After that he was grate ­ ful, and this had already been of value to me. On several previous occasions he had reserved a place for me next to him in one of the first five rows of our detachment, which usually consisted of two hundred and eighty men. That favor was important. We had to line up early in the morn ­ ing while it was still dark. Everybody was afraid of being late and of having to stand in the back rows. If men were required for an unpleasant and disliked job, the senior Capo appeared and usually collected the men he needed from the back rows.These men had to march away to an ­ other, especially dreaded kind of work under the command of strange guards. Occasionally the senior Capo chose men from the first five rows, just to catch those who tried to be clever. All protests and entreaties were silenced by a few well-aimed kicks, and the chosen victims were chased to the meeting place with shouts and blows. However, as long as my Capo felt the need of pouring out his heart, this could not happen to me. I had a guaranteed place of honor next to him. But there was another advan- tage, too. Like nearly all the camp inmates I was suffering from edema.My legs were so swollen and the skin on them so tightly stretched that I could scarcely bend my knees. I had to leave my shoes unlaced in order to make them fit my swollen feet. There would not have been space for socks even if I had had any. So my partly bare feet were always wet and my shoes always full of snow. This, of course, caused frostbite and chilblains. Every single step became real torture. Clumps of ice formed on our shoes during our m arches over snow-covered fields. Over and again men slipped and those following behind stumbled on top of them. Then the column would stop for a moment, but not for long.One of the guards soon took action and worked over the men with the butt of his rifle to make them get up quickly. The more to the front of the column you were, the less often you were disturbed by having to stop and then to make up for lost time by running on your painful feet. I was very happy to be the personally appointed physician to His Honor the Capo, and to march in the first row at an even pace. As an additional payment for my services, I could be sure that as long as soup was being dealt out at lunchtime at our work site, he would, when my turn came, dip the ladle right to the bottom of the vat and fish out a few peas.This Capo, a former army officer, even had the courage to whisper to the foreman, whom I had quarreled with, that he knew me to be an unusually good worker. That didn't help matters, but he n evertheless managed to save my life (one of the many times it was to be saved). The day after the epi ­ sode with the foreman he smuggled me into another work party. There were foremen who felt sorry for us and who did their best to ease our situation, at least at the building site. 40 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 41But even they kept on reminding us that an ordinary laborer did several times as much work as we did, and in a shorter time. But they did see reason if they were told that a normal workman did not live on 10-1/2 ounces of bread (theoretically—actually we often had less) and 1-3/4 pints of thin soup per day; that a normal laborer did not live under the mental stress we had to submit to, not having news of our families, who had either been sent to another camp or gassed right away; that a normal workman was not threat ­ ened by death continuously, daily and hourly.I even al ­ lowed myself to say once to a kindly foreman, â€Å" If you could learn from me how to do a brain operation in as short a time as I am learning this road work from you, I would have great respect for you. † And he grinned. Apathy, the main symptom of the second phase, was a necessary mechanism of self-defense. Reality dimmed, and all efforts and all emotions were centered on one task: pre ­ serving one's own life and that of the other fellow. It was typical to hear the prisoners, while they were being herded back to camp from their work sites in the evening, sigh with relief and say, â€Å"Well, another day is over. It can be readily understood that such a state of strain, coupled with the constant necessity of concentrating on the task of staying alive, forced the prisoner's inner life down to a primitive level. Several of my colleagues in camp who were trained in psychoanalysis often spoke of a â€Å"regression† in the camp inmate—a retreat to a more primitive form of mental life. His wishes and desires became obvious in his dreams. What did the prisoner dream about most frequently? Of bread, cake, cigarettes, and nice warm baths.The lack of having these simple desires satisfied led him to seek wishfulfillment in dreams. Whether these dreams did any good is another matter; the dreamer had to wake from them to the reality of camp life, and to the terrible contrast between that and his dream illusions. I shall never forget how I was roused one night by the groans of a fellow prisoner, who threw himself about in his sleep, obviously having a horrible nightmare. Since I had always been especially sorry for people who suffered from fearful dreams or deliria, I wanted to wake the poor man.Suddenly I drew back the hand which was ready to shake him, frightened at the thing I was about to do. At that moment I became intensely conscious of the fact that no dream, no matter how horrible, could be as bad as the reality of the camp which surrounded us, and to which I was about to recall him. Because of the high degree of undernourishment which the prisoners suffered, it was natural that the desire for food was the major primitive instinct around which mental life centered. Let us observe the majority of prisoners when they happened to work near each other and were, for once, not closely watched.They would immediately start discuss ­ ing food. One fellow would ask another working next to him in the ditch what his favorite dishes were. Then they would exchange recipes and plan the menu for the day when they would have a reunion—the day in a distant future when they would be liberated and returned home. They would go on and on, picturing it all in detail, until suddenly a warning was passed down the trench, usually in the form of a special password or number: â€Å"The guard is coming. † I always regarded the discussions about food as danger ­ ous.Is it not wrong to provoke the organism with such detailed and affective pictures of delicacies when it has somehow m anaged to adapt itself to extremely small rations 42 Man's Search for Meaning Experiences in a Concentration Camp 43 and low calories? Though it may afford momentary psycho ­ logical relief, it is an illusion which phy